Modern day slavery also known as “human trafficking.” Traffickers look for individuals who are poor, unemployed, or families that are in high debt, mainly women and children in certain countries. Victims are convinced with false promises of a good job and a better way of living, and then forced to work under abusive and inhuman conditions. Victims of trafficking are brought into the system through several means. Most victims of trafficking today come from three populations. First, parents may sell children to traffickers in order to pay off debts or gain income. Second, runaways or other displaced persons may be picked up by traffickers. Third, people who are seeking entry to other countries may be picked up by traffickers, and typically are misled into thinking that they will be free after being smuggled across the border.
Definitions may very base upon that cultural variation of the crime. In the United States, when people think of human trafficking, they often refer to the illegal practice of migrant smuggling. They picture illegal immigrants from countries like Mexico or China arriving into the United States by way of freight trailer or cargo boat in search for job opportunities and freedom. Human trafficking is defined as sex trafficking in which commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or in which the person forced to perform such an act is under 18.
The recruitment, transportation, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force or fraud, for the purpose of subjecting that person to involuntary hard labor, high debts owed, or slavery. Men, women, and children worldwide were bought, sold, transported, and held against their will in unsafe and abusive conditions. Human trafficking is one of the fastest growing forms of commerce and crime throughout the world. While men, women, and children are trafficked throughout many countries into forced labor situations in sweatshops and agricultural sites, the majority of victims are women and children trafficking into the sex trade for the purpose of prostitution, sex tourism, pornography and other sexual services. Most recent Department of States estimates indicate that 700,000 to million women and children are trafficked each year across the world, 50,000 of them into and within the United States (Chauang, J., 2006). The International Organization for Migrations (IOM) estimate the rate could be much higher, stating that as many as two million men, women and children were trafficking across borders in 2001 (IOM website, 2003).
Illegal aliens look for the help of “traffickers” to be transporter into another country, mainly the United States. Traffickers, work in small, large, or highly organized groups, arranging for everything from transportation to fake identification, visas, passports and work documents for the aliens. While the conditions of transportation may be unknown, “smuggled” aliens knowingly and willingly enter the destination country to work or find work, they agree to being smuggled. However, a smuggling relationship may allow the opportunity for the smuggler to alter the relationship to trafficking. Persons who seek the help of smugglers often become victims of trafficking, in the destination country or en route. When victims have never consented to being smuggled are either kidnapped or deceived with false employment offers. Traffickers make a profit between seven billion and ten billion dollars a year globally, and it is know as the third largest source of illicit trade, behind guns and narcotics. According to U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Richard Armitage, the intelligence community predicts that revenue from trafficking “will outstrip the illicit trade in guns and narcotics within a decade.” (Chauang, J., 2006).
History
Early trafficking efforts focused on white slavery. In 1904, the International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic was created, although very few countries signed it. In the following decades, the focus on trafficking continued to be on women and children who were sold into prostitution. The first concerted international effort to combat trafficking came in 1949, with the U.N. Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others. Like other such conventions before it, the document focused on the trafficking of women and children for prostitution. The U.S. at the same time was undertaking its own efforts to combat global human trafficking. In 2000, Congress passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (also referred to as the Trafficking Victims Protection Act), the first U.S. law to comprehensively address the various aspects of human trafficking. The act included measures to help those who were trafficked and to increase punishment for traffickers, as well as to bolster other countries' efforts against trafficking. President Bill Clinton (D, 1993-2000) signed the act in October 2000, hailing it as "the most significant step we've ever taken to secure the health and safety of women at home and around the world." With regard to dealing with those who have been trafficked, the law represented a turnaround in policy. Previously, those found working illicitly were treated as criminals. The 2000 act changed that, treating those people as victims of a crime and seeking to help rather than punish them. Under the act, victims can be given a special visa, called a T-visa, allowing them to stay in the U.S. for up to three years if they would face hardship upon deportation. In return, the victims agree to assist in the investigation and prosecution of the traffickers. (As of March 2004, 448 victims of trafficking had been granted a T-visa.) The U.S. has also cracked down on Americans who may contribute to trafficking abroad. For example, Congress has passed legislation under which Americans who travel overseas to frequent child prostitutes, known as "sex tourism," can be sentenced to up to 30 years in prison. And the Defense Department has also established a "zero tolerance" policy toward U.S. servicemen who may contribute to human trafficking overseas. In addition, individual states have also begun to pass human trafficking legislation. Texas and Washington State were the first two states to pass such legislation, and Arizona and California are considering similar legislation.
Reference
Chuang, J. “Beyond a snapshot: Preventing human trafficking in the global economy.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 2006, pg. 137.
International Organization for Migration, 2006. http://www.iom.int/jahia/jsp/index.jsp.
2006-08-14
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