how is malaria caused. tell four points how malaria can be controlled?

Answer 1

I did a project on arthropod vectors of disease for school. This is what I wrote on Malaria. To prevent or control Malaria you can, destroy the vector (kill the mosquito), prevent vector interaction with target (mosquito netting around sleeping areas, using DEET repelents to prevent bites), prophalactic chemicals to aid immune response (prevention of intermediate hosting). For a fourth point you could try and control the definitive host, but there are 430 species of mosquito that carry Malaria.

Malaria is a widespread disease and one of the leading fatal diseases in the world. Nearly 50% of the world’s population live in areas where Malaria is endemic. Malaria kills approximately one person every twelve seconds world wide, in Africa it is second only to AIDS in causing mortality. Malaria is an infection caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, particularly P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale and P. malariae (Elzinga 2004; Service 2004).

Transmission of malaria.
Only members of the genus Anopheles carry the parasites that cause malaria. In the genus Anopheles there are some 430 different species, of those approximately 70 are malaria vectors. The sexual stage of Plasmodium occurs in the mosquito making it the definitive host, while the asexual stage takes place in humans making them the intermediate host. Plasmodium gametocytes are taken up by a mosquito from an intermediate host. In the mosquito the male and female gametocytes fuse into a zygote which leads to an oocyst. In the oocyst production of thousands of sporozoites takes place until rupture of the oocyst. The released sporozoites travel in the haemolymph where they penetrate the salivary glands so they can be inoculated into the intermediate host. The sporozoites enter hepatocytes where they multiply asexually and develop merozoites that when released enter red blood cells. In the red blood cells they develop into trophozoites that split into several more merozoites. This cycles in the intermediate host until merozoites produce sexually differentiated gametocytes that can be taken up by an Anopheles mosquito (Elzinga 2004; Fernando et al, 2001; Service 2004).

Presentation of malaria.
The patient can present differently depending on which Plasmodium is the infective agent. These differences will mostly be in the onset of symptoms, and the length and periodicity of fever. Patients may complain of flu-like symptoms such as body ache and headache before the onset of fever. The fever typically presents with chills, shivering and a temperature ~ 40°C. The feverish episodes are characterized by having a cold phase where the patient has chills and shivering with pale cool skin. After the cold phase the patient will undergo a hot phase where they will have flushed dry skin with possible delirium and incoherence. During the resolution of the episode the patient’s temperature will come down and the patient will become diaphoretic. These cycles will repeat on an interval, depending upon species, of anywhere from daily to every 72 hours (Fernando et al, 2001).

In complicated P. falciparum malaria the cerebral tissues are affected and associated with a high mortality rate. The patient will gradual pass through stages of confusion, delirium, obtundation and coma. Patients may exhibit their first symptom of the disease process by passing into a coma directly after a seizure. The patient may have unequal pupils and incontinence of bladder and bowel. There may be abnormal posturing and changes in muscle tone. The plantar reflex should remain normal (Fernando et al, 2001).

Complications of malaria.
A number of complications can be expected in the patient with malaria as the disease process causes haemolysis. In addition the parasitized red blood cells have a tendency to stick to the endothelium. Both of these process lead to a decrease in the supply of oxygen to tissues. The lungs are also adversely affected due to the increase in capillary permeability leading to oedema. With the changes in microcirculation and pulmonary oedema there is cellular hypoxia leading to acidosis. Due to a low platelet disseminated intravascular coagulation is not significant but possible. Acute renal failure is a possibility with P. falciparum as is the acute form of nephrotic syndrome with haemoglobinuria and haemoglobinaemia stemming from acute haemolysis. Rarely there is microvascular occlusion leading to peripheral gangrene (Fernando et al, 2001).

Other complications seen in the patient suffering from malaria include splenomegaly and hypoglycaemia. The spleen of patients that have suffered previous bouts of malaria may exceed 1Kg if chronic. Hypoglycaemia is a common complication for children and pregnant women. Maternal and foetal death may occur with placental involvement (Fernando et al, 2001).

Malaria Movement to Non-Endemic Areas.
A major concern with malaria is its ability to travel to non-endemic regions. Airport malaria occurs when an infective vector is introduced to a new habitat and imported malaria is when an infected patient brings the disease into the new habitat. Normally the Anopheles vector has been transported to the new habitat via air travel (Martens, 2000).

The major problem for patients who contract malaria from an imported vector is that treatment is usually protracted. Without the corresponding travel history the connection to malaria is often overlooked. This increase in time to the correct diagnosis can lead to the patient developing a more severe or complicated case of malaria. In 1990 there were 5 cases of airport malaria in Switzerland with one diagnosis taking 31 days (World Health Organization [WHO], 2000).

While it is possible for a person taking appropriate chemoprophylaxis to contract malaria; it is more likely that the patient received an inadequate or inappropriate anti-malarial drug. Symptoms may not appear for 6-12 months due to drug suppression. Any international traveler coming from a malarious region presenting with a fever should be treated as a medical emergency regardless of the use of chemoprophylaxis (Fernando et al, 2001; Keystone, 2003).

Answer 2

It is caused by the bite of a mosquito. It might be Plamodium ovale, vivax, malariae or falcifarum. The signs & symptoms depends on the mosquito which bite the person.
Control of the malaria is by avoiding breeding places of the mosquitoes. There are usually places which are endemic to malaria. Like here in the Philippines, there is a certain place in Palawan in which these organisms really thrive. If you are going to these places, a proplylactic treatment is usually given. The nymph tree is usually advised in some areas. Screening your house is important or use of insect repellants if you cant avoid endemic areas!

Answer 3

Ideally if you want to be extra safe and pre-prepared, begin taking your malaria tablets 2-3 days before you depart to Thailand. By the time you are there, your body will have built up enough resistance to even the nastiest strain of malaria out there. When I visit places like India, China, Thailand, Singapore etc i do this - but only because last time I went to Thailand (in August 99) I took my first malaria tablets aboard the plane but I was bitten like a uber noob the following morning lol. You must take the medication at least a day before you depart. Trust me you'll thank me for this advice.

Answer 4

Malaria is caused when a protozoan parasite, called Plasmodium(species: vivax, ovale, falciparum, malarie) enter the human blood and from there enter the liver and from here go the RBC and therein grow and multiply and then attack the fresh RBC.When the RBC is ruptured melanin pigments are released in the blood and reach the brain to cause high fever with shivering. When the infected person is bitten by an Anopheles the blood enters the gut and Plasmodium in the RBC develops into gametocytes and reproduce sexually and then migrate to the salivary gland. When this mosquito bites a man the sporozoites contained in the saliva( released by the mosquito to prevent clotting of blood during sucking) of the mosquito enter the human blood and another life cycle begins in man causing malaria.
Malaria can be controlled by checking the Anopheles mosquito from biting and from growing.In order to keep it from biting, use the net, mosquito repellent. To prevent Anopheles from growing, kill eggs. and larvae by insecticides where they are laid and grow( in stagnant water). Keeping the open drains covered, and keeping the stagnant water bodies dry will prevent them from egg laying.

Answer 5

Malaria is the most contagious disease. Its caused by the Female Anapholes Mosquito. Its Bite causes Malaria and it spreads easily. It can be controlled by Water management. Drink Hot boiled Water. Just spray insecticide over the stagnant waste water. Have mosquito repellent in your house and dont allow any stagnant water to reside in your areaa

Answer 6

a serious, acute and chronic relapsing infection in humans, characterized by periodic attacks of chills and fever, anemia, splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen), and often fatal complications. Malaria also is found in apes, monkeys, rats, birds, and reptiles. It is caused by various species of protozoa (one-celled organisms) called sporozoans (subphylum Sporozoa) that belong to the genus Plasmodium. These parasites are transmitted to humans by the bite of various species of mosquitoes belonging to the genus Anopheles .

Malaria is one of the most ancient infections known. It was noted in some of the West's earliest medical records in the 5th century BC, when Hippocrates differentiated malarial fevers into three types according to their time cycles. It is not known when malaria first made its appearancein the Americas, but it is highly probable that it was a post-Columbian importation; some rather severe epidemics were first noted in 1493.

Malaria can be reliably diagnosed upon finding the parasites in stained blood smears examined under a microscope. An effective treatment for malaria was known long before the cause of the disease was understood: the bark of the cinchona tree, whose most active principle, quinine, was used to alleviate malarial fevers from 1700 until World War II, when more effective, synthetic drugs were developed. Chief among these newer drugs are chloroquine, pamaquine, pyrimethamine, and amodiaquin, all of which can destroy the malarial parasites while they are living inside red blood cells. In their initial decades of use, chloroquine and related drugs could relieve symptoms of an attack that had already started, prevent attacks altogether, and even wipe out the plasmodial infection entirely. By the late 20th century, however, some vivax strains as well as most falciparum strains had become resistant to the drugs, which were thus rendered ineffective. As a result, the incidence of malaria began to increase after having steadily declined for decades. Both one's natural resistance, as occurs among those who are carriers of one gene for the sickle-cell trait, and one's acquired immunity through previous exposure will reduce susceptibility to malaria.

The basic method of prevention is to eliminate the breeding places of Anopheles mosquitoes bydraining and filling marshes, swamps, stagnant pools, and other large or small bodies of standing fresh water. DDT, dieldrin, and other, less toxic insecticides have proved potent in controlling mosquito populations in affected areas. Window screens and mosquito netting are widely used to secure interior spaces from the mosquitoes, which are mainly active at night.

Answer 7

Here's the link that provides complete detail about how Malaria is caused and its prevention.

http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/ControlOfMalaria.htm

Hope this information will suffice.

Good Luck!

Answer 8

Malaria is usually spread by mosquitos. There are some cities that fog their town to kill mosquitos. When I say *fog* I mean they drive a big truck around town and the truck releases a big fog of bug spray and that is supposed to kill the bugs in the town. I hope this info is helpful. Also before you leave the house just spray your body with mosquito repellent. Here in America we have mosquito repellent name brand "OFF" it seems to work really well with me and my family.

Answer 9

Caused by a mosquito bite which contains the parasite. This can be controlled by : 1. eliminating water reservoirs in your home or backyard like old tires, flower vases, water containers, etc. 2. You can defog the mosquitoes by terminating them and their eggs with insect sprays. 3. make use of anti - mosquito lotions or repellent lotion applied to the skin. 4. Screen all doors and windows to avoid entry of mosquitoes into the house.

Answer 10

malaria caused by mosquitoes of plasmodium species.it can be controlled by 1) no stagnation of water,2) by malathion fumigation in late evenings and in early mornings,3) using mo0squito nets and repellants4) disease can be controlled by antimalarials

Answer 11

DDT is now thought to be a SAFE chemical. I am not kidding. Go to the WHO (World Health Organization) website and you will see that they are recommending that DDT use be resumed in certain areas.

It turns out that the data that showed that DDT affected bird eggs was based on flawed experiments. Again, don't take my word for it... look it up.