How does hypertention, hyperlipidemia, and smoking, participate in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis?

Answer 1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis
Cigarette-endothelial dysfunction and a relatively hypercoagulable state
hypertention-morphologic alterations of the arterial intima and functional alterations of the endothelium
hyperlipidemia- Endothelial injury
Bottom line- All risk factors cause endothelial dysfunction which is the earliest manifestation of atherosclerosis

Answer 2

1

Answer 3

Hyperlipidemia is the main cause for the deposit of cholesterol on the walls of the arteries. This will result in narrowing and hardening (arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease). Arteries will also be constricted by cigarette smoking. Both conditions causes hypertension. This makes the heart to pump more harder and more stronger. Still the whole body including the heart will not get sufficient oxygenated blood.
Solution- Eat a low-cholesterol, low-fat diet. This kind of diet includes cottage cheese, fat-free milk, fish (not canned in oil), vegetables, poultry, egg whites, and polyunsaturated oils and margarines (corn, safflower, canola, and soybean oils). Avoid foods with excess fat in them such as meat (especially liver and fatty meat), egg yolks, whole milk, cream, butter, shortening, lard, pastries, cakes, cookies, gravy, peanut butter, chocolate, olives, potato chips, coconut, cheese (other than cottage cheese), coconut oil, palm oil, and fried foods.
Please note that I am not a medical professional.
Please see the webpages for more details on Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Tobacco smoking, Atherosclerosis and Cronary heart disease.

Answer 4

Basically you start with the atherosclerosis ...narrowing of the blood vessels due to being coated with cholesterol. This causes hypertension like a water hose...the more narrow the vessel the higher the pressure of the water (blood) coming out. Smoking constricts the vessels further making the pressure even higher. Bad combination....like a powder keg! Poof...stroke, heart attack

Answer 5

artherosclerosis is a progressive disease, occurs over many years. stage 1 is the development of fatty streaks. in the presence of hyperlipidaemia, liver is unable to store all cholesterol. they are transported to the arteries and low density lipoprotein (LDL) passes through arterial endothelial via transcytosis within plasmalemmal vesicles. the monocytes then migrate into the artery wall and take up lipid transported by LDL and deposite between endothelial and smooth muscle cells. in sub-endothelial space, monocytes matured into macrophages and cause formation of superoxide anions which then oxidised LDL taken up by macrophages via scavenger receptor to form lipid laden foam cells and initiate artherosclerosis.

in stage 2, the core of cholesterol and collagen strands are covered by fibrous cap to form plaque.

stage 3 is when the plaque become brittle and break off. this will expose the underlying collahenous layer and promote platelet aggregation, initiating coagulation cascades and thrombus formation.

the plaque development will affects the structure and function of the affected artery. the size of vascular lumen will be smaller and reduced blood flow. it will also cause malfunctioning of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor which involve in the release of endothelial derived relaxing factors. hence no release of vasodilator. it also favours penetration of platelet-derived sustances towards smooth muscle cells and vasoconstriction. this reduce the ability of artery to change calibre when there is an increase of blood flow (hypertension).

cigarettes contain more than 4000 chemical compounds and at least 400 toxic substances. nicotine is one of the metabolite as the cigarette burns. it will increase cholesterol levels in your body. smoking also accelerates the hardening and narrowing process of the arteries. it makes blood clot 2 to 4 times more likely. if the kidney arteries are affected, then high blood pressure or kidney failure results.

Answer 6

hyperlipidemia: excess fat (LDL) would be oxidized by free radicles & then taken up by monocytes (type of white blood cell) which transform into "foam cells" which will accumulate on injured endothelium (the cell lining of vessles), & this will form "fatty streake" which will progress to the atherosclerotic plaque..

hypertension: will damage the cell lining of the vessle

smoking:
damaging the cellular lining (smoking also causes vessel consriction..which would worsen the condition of coronary artery disease (angina))

I hope this would help

Answer 7

If you can come up with those words, then I suspect you already know the answer to this and are fishing for intelligent life out here. Forget it. There isn't any.

Answer 8

It give's you verbal diarrhoea , this is the worst case i'v ever seen!