Is there such a thing as culprit angioplasty?

Answer 1

Yes. Culprit angioplasty is an oft practiced technique of dealing with blockages in the coronary arteries (arteries that supply the heart muscle).
Angioplasty is a technique wherein a big artery in the groin known as the femoral artery is punctured with a needle, and wires are introduced through the hole created that traverse all the way into the heart and thereby into the openings of the coronary arteries. A radio-opaque dye is injected into the coronary arteries and pictures are taken from the outside by x-ray. The dye traverses through the small coronary arteries and reveals any blockages in the vessels, which are then pierced by another type of wires that also carry an expandable balloon. Once the blockage is entered, the balloon is expanded and thus, the blocking lesion is literally squashed into the arterial wall - later, especially this day and age, a stent is deployed into the balloon expanded lesion that stays in place and facilitates free blood flow through the region, preventing collapse of the arterial wall.
The process of entering the femoral artery, injecting the radio-opaque dye and taking pictures of the coronary arteries is known as a "coronary angiogram"; while the process of dilating a blockade by expanding a balloon, and introducing a stent, is known as an "angioplasty".
Culprit angioplasty deals with thus repairing the coronary vessel that is thought to be the primary one responsible for the given patient's clinical presentation and/or electrocardiographic findings. For example, when a patient has a heart attack, he experiences a typical chest pain and exhibits evidence of what is called an "Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)", both on the electrocardiogram (ECG) and by way of certain blood tests. Before actually doing an angiogram, cardiologists can predict which coronary artery might be the one that is blocked, with some accuracy. However, when an angiogram is done, it is often noticed that more than one coronary artery may be diseased; it is also true that, often, the initially predicted "culprit" vessel is usually that one that either has the most dangerous looking blockade or has the most severe blockade. Thus, cardiologists prefer to repair this "culprit" vessel, leaving the other diseased vessels for a later date. This is what is known as "CULPRIT ANGIOPLASTY".

Answer 2

Obviously yes:

Myocardial viability, coronary flow reserve, and in-hospital predictors of late recovery of contractility following ...
... coronary flow reserve, reflecting the culprit vessel's microvascular function, was correlated ... A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial ...

heart.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/89/2/179