Read the label to find out the ingredients. Do not be swayed by the vitamin content.
The xanthines draw a lot of attention, chief of which is caffeine. Others are theophylline and theobromine. All of the xanthines have a similar stereo-chemistry but each has its own unique set of dose-dependent properties. .
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) can cause premature ventricular contractions and other dose dependent symptoms listed below.
The plant Paulina cupana Mart. (Iles paraguayensis) yields yerba maté from its leaves and "guarana" from its seeds. Leaves and beans contain caffeine, theophylline and theobromine - all methyl xanthines. Many yerba maté enthusiasts insist that mateine is a stereoisomer of caffeine and thus a different substance altogether. However, this is impossible; caffeine is an achiral molecule with no stereogenic centers (also known as a chiral centers), and therefore has no stereoisomers.
The name 'guaraná' comes from the Guarani tribe that lives in Brazil. Guarana plays a very important role in their culture, as this herb is believed to be magical, a cure for bowel complaints and a way to regain strength. They also tell the myth of a 'Devine Child', that was killed by a serpent and whos eyes gave birth to this plant. Botanists actually believe that the current plants, even those found in dense forests, are the remains of indigenous cultivation in the past. Guaraná was also grown by the Maués, Andira and other tribes from the 'lower Amazon'. The botanical name of Guaraná, Paullinia cupana H.B.K. variety sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke, is derived from C. F. Paullini, a German medical botanist who lived in the 18th century.
The main chemicals found in guaraná are: adenine, allantoin, alpha-copaene, anethole, caffeine, carvacrol, caryophyllene, catechins, catechutannic acid, choline, dimethylbenzene, dimethylpropylphenol, estragole, glucose, guanine, hypoxanthine, limonene, mucilage, nicotinic acid, proanthocyanidins, protein, resin, salicylic acid, starch, sucrose, tannic acid, tannins, theobromine, theophylline, timbonine, and xanthine.
The theory behind how guaraná works is relatively straightforward. The major active constituent is caffeine (sometimes called “guaranine” to make you think it’s different in some way) and similar alkaloids such as theobromine and theophylline (which are also found in coffee and tea). Guaraná contains about twice the caffeine found in coffee beans (about 3-4% caffeine in guarana seeds compared to 1-2% for coffee beans). Concentrated guaraná extracts, however, can contain caffeine at levels of as much as 40-50%, with popular supplements delivering 50-200mg of caffeine per day (about the same amount found in 1-2 cups of strong coffee
An overdose of caffeine can result in a state termed caffeine intoxication or caffeine poisoning. Its symptoms are both physiological and psychological. Symptoms of caffeine intoxication include: restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis, muscle twitching, rambling flow of thought and speech, paranoia, cardiac arrhythmia or tachycardia, and psychomotor agitation, gastrointestinal complaints, increased blood pressure, rapid pulse, vasoconstriction (tightening or constricting of superficial blood vessels) sometimes resulting in cold hands or fingers, increased amounts of fatty acids in the blood, and an increased production of gastric acid. In extreme cases mania, depression, lapses in judgment, disorientation, loss of social inhibition, delusions, hallucinations and psychosis may occur.
Because caffeine increases the production of stomach acid, high usage over time can lead to peptic ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Furthermore, it can also lead to nervousness, irritability, anxiety, tremulousness, muscle twitching, insomnia, heart palpitations and hyperreflexia
Individuals who consume caffeine regularly develop a reduction in sensitivity to caffeine; when such individuals reduce their caffeine intake, their body becomes oversensitive to adenosine, with the result that blood pressure drops dramatically, leading to an excess of blood in the head (though not necessarily on the brain), causing a headache. Other symptoms may include nausea, fatigue, drowsiness, anxiety and irritability; in extreme cases symptoms may include depression, inability to concentrate and diminished motivation to initiate or to complete daily tasks at home or at work.
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is one of the active ingredients commonly found in energy drinks and in pills which often feature caffeine and/or other stimulant ingredients. Taurine (from taurus = ox, (as it was discovered in ox bile) or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid is an acidic chemical substance found in bile: Bile (or gall) is a bitter, greenish-yellow alkaline fluid secreted by the liver of most vertebrates.
Taurine has two major roles in human metabolism:
It plays a role in digestion as part of chenodeoxychloic acid (bile). It may assist in the formation of reactive oxygen species for the respiratory burst in neutrophil granulocyte and there is some evidence it is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
Taurine possesses hypotensive effects and has an adverse effect on phosphatidylcholine hepatic synthesis.
2006-06-09 03:42:56
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answer #11
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answered by Anonymous
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