In facing questions like "Does god exist" it is important on the one hand to distinguish between "what has to exist" (sometimes called "necessity"), and what is "in need of an explanation" on the other hand. Somethings need an explanation while some things do not. For example, there is a formula for solving quadratic equations, which every high school student learns in algebra. On the other hand, first year students learn to prove that there are no integers, say "p" and "q", such that p divided by q equals the square root of 2. It follows from this that if god were to exist god could not find two such integers, either. This lack of a pair of integers is a necessary feature of algebra; that is to say, it is necessarily true once one discovers algebra. Does it make sense for someone say, "Well, do you have any evidence that there aren't integers, say "p" and "q", such that p divided by q equals the square root of 2?" Well, no, there is no "evidence." Indeed, it doesn't really make sense even to ask for evidence: the assertion that there are no such integers is true because it is necessary. This is a product of how one works through the questions arising from thinking algebraically.
We know, though, that there are lots of situations where asking for evidence, in other words asking for an explanation, makes good sense. Physics, chemistry, biology, botany and astronomy offer many good cases in point. It makes sense to ask, for example, "Why does the DNA in my mitochondria come only from my mother and not my father?" There is something very different about this question than the questions about algebra; biology questions, for example, seem to be the kind where providing evidence seems warranted. Physicists, too, are bent on providing explanations of this latter sort, and they are careful when they meet questions of the former sort not to confuse the two. So, for example, good physicists will happily assert that everything we see around us is subject to needing an explanation: people, trees, water, the solar system, galaxies, volcanic sand, bacteria, states of mind; all of these stand in reference to this latter sort of questioning: "Why are things this way and not some other way?" This happens in the Astronomy section of Y!A all the time. "Why is the sky blue", "What color are neutron stars," "Does the universe have an edge," "Why is the moon round," show up with astonishing regularity! So, why is the sky blue and not red? Why are all large solid bodies roughly spherical in shape? Why is the sun yellowish? Why is the solar system stable over long periods of time?
Moving on, care needs to be taken when lumping individual items together into systems and then asking questions about the whole system because not every attribute of a part of a system is an attribute of the whole system. Attributes of a planet, say, may or may not become an attribute of a solar system. It is not always clear how explaining the parts of a system explains the whole system. For example, no good physicist would assert that a wall made of small bricks was, therefore, a small wall; but it would still be a brick wall. A pile of $10.00 bills on a table isn't an "empty" pile when the money is spent. None of us would assert --except as a joke-- that the world is littered with empty piles of $10.00 dollar bills. So, it makes sense to ask "How did this pile of $10.00 dollar bills get here" without the answer being "Well, the pile was always here, it just has $10.00 dollar bills now, whereas before it was just an empty pile." The pile itself is susceptible to the same sort of questioning that the sky is, that the solar system is, that my DNA is. This, as will be seen in a moment, is the "god" question: what explains this pile of stars, galaxies, dust, dark matter and dark energy: the universe as a whole?
At each step in this process of asking questions we are asking for a set of reasons --sometimes those reason give evidence and sometime they do not-- which give us some explanation for what we see. When do we ever stop asking for an explanation or for evidence? When we cite reasons which are perforce necessary. For example, there is no equation from which one can derive the positions of the planets of our solar system. This is called, in the parlance of mathematicians, the "n-body" problem. If the solar system were composed of exactly two bodies which were themselves perfectly rigid spheres, and if they are reasonably small and at a great distance from each other, then there is such an equation which was derived by Newton. But when the number of bodies is greater than 2 then no such formula exists. There are *numeric* solutions generated by computers which can be quite good over long spans of time; but there is no general solution. No physicist searches for one; what's the point? Likewise, absolute zero is what it is. Occasionally on Y!A physics, one sees the question "can something get colder than absolute zero?" Asking that question makes clear that the person asking does not understand what "absolute zero" means, no why it follows from the way one thinks in the process of discovering physics. Both Absolute Zero and having no solution to the n-body problem are "necessary" features of physics. There is no going beyond them, it makes no sense to ask "What happens when you get colder than Absolute Zero?"
So, when one faces everything that physicists, biologists, psychologists, chemists, geologists and astronomers have discovered it does indeed make sense to ask, "Is there a reason for everything?" "What explains the universe as a whole?" One can, of course, choose not to face these questions, one can minimized these questions, one can dismiss these questions, but those are personal issues of integrity; yet as the discussion shows these questions still makes sense to ask; and to answer. So, what is the answer?
The answer to these questions is what Muslims, Jews, Christians, Taoists, Wiccans, and the like refer to when they use the term "god." As a consequence, there is no "evidence" for god, nor does god need further explanation. Quadratic equations have a general formula for their solution, the n-body problem is not solvable, light speed is absolute, god is the answer to a particular question and there is no "going beyond" these. There is no good way to answer the question, "Well, can you give me some evidence that there is no explicit formula for the n-body problem?" It follows from a whole way of thinking about algebra that it is so. The same is true for god. As I pointed out, god is the answer to, god follows from, a whole system of questioning.
HTH
Charles
2007-12-11 00:53:56
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answer #8
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answered by Charles 6
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