Ireland from 1650 to 1700
In 1649 the English soldier and statesman Oliver Cromwell landed at Dublin, which the Roman Catholic lords had been unable to take. With his well-disciplined forces, 10,000 men of the New Model army, he stormed Drogheda and put its garrison of 2000 men to the sword. A similar Cromwell victory occurred at Wexford. Cromwell's successors, the English soldiers and regicides Henry Ireton and Edmund Ludlow (1617?-92), successfully concluded the war, and a great part of the best land of Munster, Leinster, and Ulster was confiscated and divided among the soldiers of the parliamentary army. The Roman Catholics and Royalist landowners were banished to Connaught. A portion of the land confiscated at this time was later restored under King Charles II, but at least two-thirds of the land in Ireland remained in the hands of the Protestants. The viceroyalty of Ormonde, while maintaining the Protestant ascendancy, did much to restore order and promote industry. King James II, however, reversed the policy of Charles II. Under James's viceroy in Ireland, Richard Talbot, earl of Tyrconnel (1630-91), Roman Catholics were advanced to positions of state and placed in control of the militia, which Ormonde had previously organised. Consequently the entire Roman Catholic population sided with James II in the English Revolution of 1688. Thus, in 1689, when James landed at Dublin with his French officers, Talbot had an Irish army ready to assist him. The Protestant settlers were driven from their homes and found refuge in the towns of Enniskillen and Londonderry, which James attempted to capture. He was hampered by his lack of artillery, however, and the city was relieved by way of the sea. His Parliament of 1689 restored all lands confiscated since 1641 and passed an act of attainder against the partisans of King William III. In the following year William landed in Ireland and, in July 1690, in the Battle of the Boyne, he defeated the Irish forces. He failed, however, to capture the town of Limerick, which was bravely defended. A brilliant tactic of the Irish patriot Patrick Sarsfield (d. 1693) destroyed William's heavy artillery, and he was forced to retire. The next year, William's generals defeated the Irish army at the town of Aughrim, and Limerick was forced to capitulate. By the terms of the Treaty of Limerick, Roman Catholics were permitted a certain amount of religious freedom, and the lands that Roman Catholics had possessed under Charles II were to be restored to them.
The Parliament of England subsequently forced William to break the concession of the Treaty of Limerick regarding the restoration of the land, and the Parliament of Ireland violated the terms granting religious toleration by enacting the Penal Laws, directed mainly against the Roman Catholics. Irish commerce and industries were deliberately crushed by the English. By enactments in 1665 and 1680 the Irish export trade to England in cattle, milk, butter, and cheese had been forbidden. The trade in woolens, which had grown up among the Irish Protestants, was likewise crushed by an enactment of 1699, which prohibited the export of woolen goods from Ireland to any country whatever. Small amends for these injuries were made by leaving the linen trade undisturbed. The result of all these measures was the gradual economic decline of Ireland. A large percentage of the population immigrated, the Roman Catholics to Spain and France and the Protestants to America.
2007-11-29 09:22:55
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answer #1
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answered by Frosty 7
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As Michael Nugent of Atheist eire has stated: The proposed regulation does not safeguard religious concept; it incentivises outrage and it criminalises unfastened speech. decrease than this proposed regulation, if a man or woman expresses one concept approximately gods, and individuals think of that this insults a diverse concept approximately gods, then those human beings can exchange into outraged, and this outrage could make it unlawful for the 1st man or woman to precise his or her ideals. So Irish regulation has now enshrined the concept that the taking of offence is greater important than unfastened expression. If something would reason a stimulated team to be "outraged", fairly than, say, lead them to stay in worry, then it is against the regulation, with an excellent of as much as €25,000 payable. observe the convenience with which a prosecution would desire to be introduced, and the punitive nature of the advantageous: it fairly is not law that in simple terms serves to tie up some loose ends. The minister claimed that his basically selection to this law replaced into to have a referendum. This lower back, is technically genuine: any constitutional modifications in eire require this. however the minister disregarded the concept of setting up a referendum as being too severe priced in those straitened cases. yet right this moment, we are informed there is to be yet another Lisbon referendum in October. does not it have been smart to hold the two the Lisbon referendum and a referendum on the abolition of the seen blasphemy from the form on a similar day, scaling down on expenditures?
2016-09-30 07:42:20
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answer #2
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answered by ? 4
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