How is raw materials transformed into usable materials?

Answer 1

Many different ways. For metals, most metals exist in the earth as minerals. To make them usable, the minerals must be dug out of the earth and chemically converted into metallic form. Then the metal may need to be purified to reduce the impurity content. Then it may be melted and combined with other metals to make a specific alloy. The alloy will be cast into a shape. The cast shape may be deformed into a different shape, heat treated to change the physical properties, then machined into a final shape.

There are many different types of raw materials and many many different ways that those materails are converted into usable form.