Discovery
The discovery of Pluto was rooted in a misconception. Before it was found, scientists believed that its existence had been indirectly determined through discrepancies observed in the orbits of the outer planets. These discrepancies were thought to be the result of gravitational interactions with an as-yet-unknown planet. However, Pluto is known now to be too small to have affected the orbits of the planets significantly, and re-evaluations of the masses of the outer planets have shown that the supposed gravitational discrepancies do not exist.
In the 1840s, using Newtonian mechanics, both Urbain Le Verrier and John Couch Adams had correctly predicted the position of the then-undiscovered planet Neptune after analysing perturbations in the orbit of Uranus. Hypothesising that the perturbations were caused by the gravitational pull of another planet, Le Verrier sent his calculations to German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle. On September 23, 1846, the night following his receipt of the letter, Galle and his student Heinrich d'Arrest found Neptune precisely where Le Verrier had predicted.[12]
Observations of Neptune in the late 19th century caused astronomers to speculate that Uranus' orbit was being disturbed by another planet in addition to Neptune. In 1905, Percival Lowell, a wealthy Bostonian who had founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona in 1894, started an extensive project in search of a possible ninth planet, which he termed "Planet X".[13] Lowell's hope in tracking down Planet X was to establish his scientific credibility, which had been dented due to his extolling the hypothesis that channel-like features visible on the surface of Mars were in fact canals constructed by an intelligent civilisation.[14] By 1909, Lowell and William H. Pickering had suggested several possible celestial coordinates for such a planet.[15] Lowell and his observatory conducted his search from 1905 until his death in 1916, but to no avail. Lowell's disappointment at not locating Planet X, according to one friend, "virtually killed him".[16]
Constance Lowell, Percival Lowell's widow, subsequently embroiled the observatory in a decade-long legal battle to wrest the observatory's million-dollar portion of Lowell's legacy for herself, which meant that its search for Planet X could not resume until 1929.[17] In that year, the observatory's director, Vesto Melvin Slipher, summarily handed the job of locating Planet X to Clyde Tombaugh, a 22-year-old Kansas farm boy who had only just arrived at the Lowell Observatory after Slipher had been impressed by a sample of his astronomical drawings.
Tombaugh's task was to systematically image the night sky in pairs of photographs taken two weeks apart, then examine each pair and determine if any objects had shifted position in that time. Using a machine called a blink comparator, he rapidly shifted back and forth between views of each of the plates, to create the illusion of movement of any objects that had changed position or appearance between photographs. On February 18, 1930, after nearly a year of searching, Tombaugh discovered a possible moving object on photographic plates taken on January 23 and January 29 of that year. A lesser-quality photograph taken on January 20 helped confirm the movement. Tombaugh walked into Slipher's office and declared, "Doctor Slipher, I have found your Planet X."[18] After the observatory obtained further confirmatory photographs, news of the discovery was telegraphed to the Harvard College Observatory on March 13, 1930. The new object would later be found on photographs dating back to March 19, 1915.[15]
The right to name the new object belonged to the Lowell Observatory. Tombaugh urged Slipher to suggest a name for the new object quickly before someone else did.[13] Name suggestions poured in from all over the world. Constance Lowell proposed Zeus, then Lowell, and finally her own first name. These suggestions were disregarded.[19]
The name Pluto was first suggested by Venetia Burney (later Venetia Phair)an eleven-year-old schoolgirl in Oxford, England.[20] Venetia was interested in classical mythology as well as astronomy, and considered the name, one of the alternate names of Hades, the Greek god of the Underworld, appropriate for such a presumably dark and cold world. She suggested it in a conversation with her grandfather Falconer Madan, a former librarian of Oxford University's Bodleian Library. Madan passed the name to Professor Herbert Hall Turner, who then cabled it to colleagues in America.[21]
The object was officially named on March 24, 1930.[22] Each member of the Lowell Observatory was allowed to vote on a short-list of three: "Minerva" (which was already the name for an asteroid), "Cronus" (which had garnered a bad reputation after being suggested by an unpopular astronomer named Thomas Jefferson Jackson See), and Pluto. Pluto received every vote.[23] The name was announced on May 1, 1930.[20] Upon the announcement, Madan gave Venetia five pounds as a reward.[20]
2007-11-15 02:51:28
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answer #8
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