symbionese liberation army??

Question

have u heard of these dudes? actully, there was some girls there too, including an actress!! there was on black guy, who was i think the leader. they were around during the 1970's i think, and they were a revolutionary gorilla group who robbed banks to bring down the fascist goverment.

what do u think of them and their goal to make things chaotic? for u old people out there, do u remember them in the news or anything? what do u think inspires these groups to show up? is it poverty, police brutability, or something like that? maybe theyre parents brought them up with anarchist views?

Answer 1

Symbionese Liberation Army (S.L.A.) was an American self-styled urban guerrilla warfare group that considered itself a revolutionary vanguard army. The group committed bank robberies, two murders and other acts of violence between 1973 and 1975.

The S.L.A. became internationally notorious for kidnapping media heiress Patricia Campbell Hearst, abducting the 19-year-old as she and her 26-year-old boyfriend, Steven Weed, sat relaxing in their Berkeley, California hometown.
International interest grew into worldwide fascination when Hearst, in audio-taped messages delivered to (and broadcast by) regional news media, denounced her parents and announced she had joined the S.L.A. She was subsequently observed participating in their illegal activities. (Hearst later alleged that she had been held in close confinement, sexually assaulted and brainwashed.)

In his manifesto "Symbionese Liberation Army Declaration of Revolutionary War & the Symbionese Program," DeFreeze wrote, "The name 'symbionese' is taken from the word 'symbiosis' and we define its meaning as a body of dissimilar bodies and organisms living in deep and loving harmony and partnership in the best interest of all within the body."

Although the S.L.A. considered themselves leaders of the Black revolution, DeFreeze was its only Black member. His seven-headed S.L.A. hydra symbol was also based on the seven principles of Kwanzaa, with each head representing a principle. They are: Umoja (Unity), Kujichagulia (self-determination), Ujima (collective work and responsibility), Ujamaa (cooperative economics), Nia (purpose), Kuumba (creativity) and Imani (faith).

The symbol was actually a seven-headed cobra[3] , and its appearance on S.L.A. propaganda, indicates that it was copied from the ancient Sri Lankan seven-headed nāga; carved stones depicting a seven-headed cobra are commonly found near the sluices of the ancient irrigation tanks in Sri Lanka and these are believed to have been placed there as guardians of the water.

Russell Little attests that the group's primary activity during this period was acquiring and storing firearms and learning to use the weapons at public shooting ranges.

On the 6 November 1973 in Oakland, California, two members of the S.L.A. killed superintendent of schools Dr. Marcus Foster and badly wounded his deputy Robert Blackburn as the men left an Oakland school board meeting. The hollow-point bullets used to kill Dr. Foster had been dipped in cyanide.

The S.L.A. condemned Foster's plan to introduce identification cards into Oakland schools as "fascist." Ironically, Foster had originally opposed the use of identification cards in his schools, and his plan was a watered-down version of others' similar proposals. Foster, an African American, was popular on the left and in the black community.

On 10 January 1974, Joseph Remiro and Russell Little were arrested and charged with Foster's murder. California had a moratorium on death sentences at the time, so both received life sentences. Little was ultimately acquitted on retrial.

Due to the arrests of Remiro and Little, the S.L.A. began planning their next action: kidnapping an important figure to negotiate the release of the imprisoned members (Stone, 2004). Documents found by the F.B.I. at one abandoned safe-house revealed that an action was planned for the "full moon of January 7." The FBI did not take any precautions, and the S.L.A. did not act until a month later.[citation needed] On February 4, publishing heiress Patricia Hearst, a U.C. Berkeley junior, was kidnapped from her Berkeley apartment at 2603 Benvenue Avenue, Apartment #4. The S.L.A. had chosen to kidnap Hearst to increase the news coverage of the incident.

The S.L.A. initially informed the Hearst family that they would release Patricia in exchange for the freedom of Remiro and Little. When such an arrangement proved impossible, the S.L.A. demanded a ransom, in the form of a food distribution program. The value of food to be distributed fluctuated: on 23 February the demand was for $4 million; it peaked at $400 million. Although free food was actually distributed, the operation came to a halt when violence erupted at one of the four distribution points.

While the FBI was conducting an ineffective search, the S.L.A. took refuge in a number of safe-houses. While under the S.L.A.'s control, Hearst claims she was subjected to a series of ordeals that her mother would later describe as "brainwashing." The change in Hearst's politics has been attributed to Stockholm syndrome, a psychological response in which a hostage exhibits seeming loyalty to the captor. Hearst was later examined by the specialist psychologist Margaret Singer, who agreed with this theory.

At Hearst's subsequent trial, her lawyer claimed that she had been confined in a closet barely large enough for her to lie down in; that her contact with the outside world was regulated by her captors; and that she was regularly threatened with execution. In addition, Hearst's lawyer contended that she had been raped by DeFreeze and Wolfe, but, since both men died before Hearst's capture and trial, charges were never brought against them.

The S.L.A. claimed to be holding Hearst according to the conditions of the Geneva convention. However, their contention that Patricia Hearst was a prisoner of war was untenable, since there was no justification under the Geneva protocols for her to be considered a combatant.

The S.L.A. subjected Hearst to indoctrination in S.L.A. ideology. In Hearst's taped recordings, used to announce demands and conditions, Hearst can first be heard extemporaneously expressing S.L.A. ideology on day thirteen of her capture.

With each successive taped communiqué Hearst voiced increasing support for the aims of the S.L.A. She eventually denounced her former life, her parents, and fiancé. At that point she claimed that when the S.L.A. had given her the option of being released or joining the S.L.A., she chose the latter.

After Hearst adopted the S.L.A.'s ideology, she announced that she was using the nom de guerre "Tania."

The next action taken by the S.L.A. was to rob a branch of the Hibernia Bank at 1450 Noriega Street in San Francisco; during this incident, two civilians were shot. (Stone 2004) At 10:00 a.m. on April 15, 1974 S.L.A. members burst into the bank.

Hearst participated in the robbery, holding a rifle, and the security camera footage of Hearst became an iconic image. (Hearst was tried and convicted for her involvement in the Hibernia Bank robbery. Her sentence was later commuted by Jimmy Carter and her crime eventually pardoned by Bill Clinton.) She has denied willing involvement in the robbery in her book, Every Secret Thing. The outlaw group were able to get away with over $10,000.

The S.L.A., seeking to increase its membership, found no would-be revolutionaries (or anyone else) in the Bay Area who wanted to have anything to do with them. Consequently, Cinque, a former Los Angeles resident, suggested moving their organization to his former neighborhood, where he had friends whom they might recruit. However, they relocated in a sloppy manner and had much difficulty in becoming established on their new turf. The S.L.A. relied upon commandeering housing and supplies in Los Angeles, and thus alienated the people who were ensuring their secrecy and protection. At this stage the imprisoned S.L.A. member, Russell Little, claimed that he believed the S.L.A. had entirely lost sight of its goals and entered into a confrontation with the police rather than a political dialogue with the public.

On 16 May 1974, "Teko" and "Yolanda" (William and Emily Harris) entered Mel's Sporting Goods Store in Inglewood, California, to shop for supplies for their safehouse. While Yolanda made the purchases, Teko on a whim tried to shoplift socks. When a security guard confronted him, Teko brandished a revolver. The guard knocked the gun from his hand and placed a handcuff on William Harris's left wrist. Hearst, on armed lookout from the group's van across the street, began shooting up the store's overhead sign. Everyone in the store took cover and the Harris'es drove off with Hearst.

As a result of the Mel's incident, the police acquired the address of the safe-house from a parking ticket in the glove box of the van that had been abandoned. The rest of the S.L.A. fled the safe-house when they saw the events on the news. The S.L.A. took over a house occupied by Christine Johnson and Minnie Lewisin, which was the only house in the black neighborhood that had its lights on at 4 am. One of the people in the house was a then-seventeen-year-old neighbor named Brenda Daniels who was sleeping on the couch. She recalls when she first woke up:
“I went down to Minnie’s every Thursday evening to play some cards and drink a little. I fell asleep early and when I woke up around two A.M. I saw four white women and three dudes—two blacks and one white. I saw guns spread out all over the floor, an’ I asked them why they had guns, more than I’d ever seen in my life. They didn’t answer, and, instead, the black dude asked me my name and then introduced me to everyone.
[When asked if Patty Hearst was there]
Man, how can I tell? All white women look the same to me.”

— Brenda Daniels.

The next day, an anonymous phone call to the L.A.P.D. stated that several heavily armed people were staying at the caller's daughter's house. That afternoon, more than 400 Los Angeles Police Department (L.A.P.D.) officers, under the command of Captain Mervin King, along with the Federal Bureau of Investigations, California Highway Patrol, and Los Angeles Fire Department surrounded the neighborhood. The squad leader of a Special Weapons and Tactics (S.W.A.T.) team used a bullhorn to announce, "Occupants of 1466 East 54th Street, this is the Los Angeles Police Department speaking. Come out with your hands up!" A small child walked out, along with an older man. The man stated that no one else was in the house, but the child reported that several people were in the house with guns and ammo belts. After several other attempts to get anyone else to leave the house, a member of S.W.A.T. fired tear gas projectiles into the house which was answered by heavy bursts of automatic gunfire, and the battle began.

Two hours later, the house caught fire. The police again announced, "Come on out! The house is on fire! You will not be harmed." Two women left from the rear of the house and one came out the front (she had come in drunk the previous night, passed out, and woken up in the middle of a siege); all were taken into custody, but were found not to be S.L.A. members.

Automatic weapons fire continued from the house. At this point Nancy Ling Perry and Camilla Hall came out of the house. Investigators working for their parents would claim they walked out intending to surrender and that they were unarmed but police later stated that Camilla Hall was shot in the head by police as she charged towards them and Perry was providing covering fire[. After Camilla Hall's body fell to the ground, it was pulled back inside the burning house by Angela Atwood. Nancy Ling Perry followed Hall out of the house, but she was shot twice in the back. Her body remained outside of the house.

The rest died inside, from combinations of smoke inhalation, burns and multiple gunshot wounds. According to the coroner's report, it was concluded that Donald DeFreeze committed suicide. After the shooting stopped and the fire was extinguished, nineteen firearms, including rifles, pistols, and shotguns were recovered. Several thousand rounds were reported fired into the home by police and they reported thousands of rounds being fired out of the house by the S.L.A. This remains one of the largest police shootouts in history with a reported total of 9,000 rounds being fired.

The bodies of Nancy Ling Perry ("Fahizah"), Angela Atwood ("General Gelina"), Willie Wolfe (who was reported to be Patricia Hearst's lover and who bore the S.L.A. alias "Cujo"), Donald DeFreeze ("Cinque"), Patricia Soltysik ("Mizmoon," "Zoya"), were found, most of them huddled in a crawl space under the house, which had burned down around them.

New broadcasting technology (smaller portable cameras and more nimble and versatile mobile units that made it easier to cover unfolding news events) had just recently been acquired by area TV stations, so Tania, Teko and Yolanda were able to watch the televised siege live from their hotel room in the city of Anaheim.

As a result of the siege, the remaining S.L.A. members returned to the relative safety of the Bay Area and protection of student radical households. At this time a number of new members gravitated towards the S.L.A.

The active participants at this time were: Bill and Emily Harris, Patty Hearst, Wendy Yoshimura, Kathleen and Steve Soliah, James Kilgore and Michael Bortin.
On 21 April 1975, the remaining members of the S.L.A. robbed the Crocker National Bank in Carmichael, California and killed Myrna Opsahl, a bank customer, in the process. Hearst claimed to have been sitting in the getaway car.

Much later, Patty Hearst, after being granted immunity from prosecution for this crime, claimed that Emily Harris, Kathleen Soliah, Michael Bortin, and James Kilgore actually committed the robbery, while she and Wendy Yoshimura were getaway drivers and William Harris and Steven Soliah acted as lookouts. Hearst also claimed that Opsahl was killed by Emily Harris, but that she was not a witness.

Patricia Hearst, after one of the longest and most publicized manhunts ever, was captured with Wendy Yoshimura in September 1975. Soon after she was captured, Hearst re-identified with the role she grew up in: wealthy heiress. In her affidavit, she claimed that S.L.A. members had used L.S.D. to drug her and forced her to take part in the bank raid.

However, Hearst's recorded statements, along with the fact that she had not escaped when she had the opportunity, made many think she had thrown in her lot with the revolutionaries. Despite her claims, she was convicted of the Hibernia Bank robbery and sentenced to seven years in prison, but only served 21 months when her sentence was commuted by US President Jimmy Carter. Eventually she was pardoned by President Bill Clinton.

On 21 August 1975, Kathleen Soliah failed in her attempt to kill officers of the L.A.P.D. when the bombs she placed under a police car did not detonate. Soliah remained a fugitive, first in Zimbabwe, and then in Minnesota under the alias Sarah Jane Olson; she was married to a doctor and had three daughters.

The F.B.I. finally caught up with Kathleen Soliah in 1999 when she was arrested. In 2001, she plead guilty to possession of explosives with the intent to murder and was sentenced to two consecutive ten-years-to-life terms, after being told as part of plea bargain that she would serve only eight years. She did not go to trial because she felt she could not get leniency from a jury so recently after the September 11, 2001, attacks. Prosecutors were relieved to avoid a trial due to their fear that Hearst, testifying against Soliah, would be deemed an unreliable witness.

On 16 January 2002, first-degree murder charges for the killing of Myrna Opsahl were filed against Kathleen Soliah, the Harrises, Bortin, and Kilgore. All were living "aboveground" and were immediately arrested except for James Kilgore, who remained at large for nearly another year.

On 7 November, Soliah, the Harrises, and Bortin plead guilty to those charges. Emily Harris, now known as Emily Montague, admitted to being the one holding the murder weapon, but said that the shotgun went off accidentally. Hearst claims that Montague had dismissed the murder at the time saying, "She was a bourgeois pig anyway. Her husband is a doctor." In court, Montague denied this and said "I do not want [the Opsahl family] to believe that we ever considered her life insignificant."

Sentences were handed out on 14 February 2003 in Sacramento, California for all four defendants in the Opsahl murder case. Montague was sentenced to eight years for the murder (2nd degree). Her former husband, William Harris, got seven years, and Bortin got six years. Soliah had six years added to the 14-year sentence she is already serving. All sentences were the maximum allowed under their plea bargains.

On 8 November 2002 James Kilgore, who had been a fugitive since 1975, was arrested in South Africa and extradited to the United States to face federal explosives and passport fraud charges. Prosecutors alleged a pipe bomb was found in Kilgore's apartment in 1975, and that he obtained a passport under a false name. He plead guilty to the charges in 2003.

Soliah (aka Sara Jane Olson) was expecting a 5 year 4 month sentence, but "In stiffening Olson's sentence two years ago, the prison board turned to a seldom-used section of state law, allowing it to recalculate sentences for old crimes in light of new, tougher sentencing guidelines." Soliah was sentenced to 14 years, later reduced to 13 years, plus six for her role in the Opsahl killing. Hearst had immunity because she was a state's witness, but as there was no trial, she never testified.

On 26 April 2004, Kilgore was sentenced to 54 months in prison for the explosives and passport fraud charges. He was the last remaining S.L.A. member to face federal prosecution.

Answer 2

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