World peace and psychopaths?

Question

Let's say that in the year 2800 world peace will rise.Everybody peaceful.Can a psychopath be borne in such a society?

I'm not talking about war.I'm just asking if someone like that can be born in such a society.....

Answer 1

Sure. But what's that got to do with war?

War is rarely, if ever, caused by psychopaths. War is a cooperative effort, and so must be done by those who bond together for a common cause.

I.e. War cannot happen without love. Psychopaths are loners, so they may kill people on an individual level, but they cannot really engage in war proper, because war is communal.

Answer 2

alexander graham bell can, just look at him hes a pro

AT A GLANCE:
Alexander Graham Bell, American inventor and teacher of the deaf, most famous for his invention of the telephone. Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you.". THE STORY
RELATED INFO
BOOKS
VIDEOS
WEB SITES
QUOTATIONS
DID YOU KNOW?

Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell


Criteria; First practical. Modern prototype. Entrepreneur.
Birth: March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland
Death: August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada
Nationality: American

Invention: telephone on March 10, 1876


Function: noun / tel•e•phone
Definition: An instrument which converts sound, specifically the human voice, to electrical impulses of various frequencies and then back to a tone that sounds like the original voice.
Patent(s): 174,465 (US) issued March 7, 1876 filed February 14, 1876
161,739 (US) issued April 6, 1875 filed March 6, 1875

Milestones:
1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts
1874 while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephon
1875 files first patent for telegraphy
1876 when the first complete sentence was transmitted
1877 formed Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operation
1880 invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays
1882 acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, Elisha Gray's company
1885 formed American Telephone and Telegraph Company to operate the long distance network.
1886 first wax recording cylinder, introduced, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
1896 elected first President of National Geographic Society
1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates
1917 developed "hydrodrome," at (70 mph) the fastest boat in the world for many years
CAPs: Bell, Alexander Graham Bell, Telephone, Bell Telephone Company, AT&T, Bell Labs, Western Electric, Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, Elisha Gray, ARYS, telegraphy, telephone, history, biography, inventor, SIPS, inventor of, history of, who invented, invention of, fascinating facts.

The Story:
Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He immigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf-mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound.

In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed professor of vocal physiology. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1882.
Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you." Subsequent demonstrations, particularly one at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, introduced the telephone to the world.

He improved the results with a series of experiments over the next few months, including a critical test with this instrument on November 26. That day he transmitted sound clearly over a wire between Cambridge and Salem, Massachusetts. This design, used for both the transmitter and the receiver, became standard for the commercial instruments introduced in 1877.

In 1877, Bell and his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders formed the Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operations.In 1882, American Bell acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, which became its manufacturing unit. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was incorporated on March 3, 1885 as a wholly owned subsidiary of American Bell, chartered to build and operate the original long distance telephone network.
In 1880 France bestowed on Bell the Volta Prize, worth 50,000 francs, for his invention. With this money he founded the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C., where, in that same year, he and his associates invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays. Other inventions include the audiometer, used to measure acuity in hearing; the induction balance, used to locate metal objects in human bodies; and the first wax recording cylinder, introduced in 1886. The cylinder, together with the flat wax disc, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
After 1895 Bell's interest turned mostly to aeronautics. Many of his inventions in this area were first tested near his summer home at Baddeck on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada. His study of flight began with the construction of large kites, and in 1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates, including the American inventor and aviator Glenn Hammond Curtiss, Bell developed the aileron, a movable section of an airplane wing that controls roll. They also developed the tricycle landing gear, which first permitted takeoff and landing on a flying field.

Applying the principles of aeronautics to marine propulsion, his group started work on hydrofoil boats, which travel above the water at high speeds. His final full-sized "hydrodrome," developed in 1917, reached speeds in excess of 113 km/h (70 mph) and for many years was the fastest boat in the world. He died on August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, where a museum containing many of his original inventions is maintained by the Canadian government.
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/bell.htm


ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA (N.S.)
CHRONOLOGY OF ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
March 3, 1847 Born in Edinburgh
1862-63 Spent year in London with grandfather, Alexander Bell, expert on mechanics of speech
1864 With brother Melville built speaking device
1865 On death of Grandfather Bell, father Melville inherited London practice
1867 Brother Edward dies from tuberculosis
July-Dec. 1868 In charge of father's London practice while father in North America
1868-70 Studied vocal anatomy at University College, London
May 1870 Brother Melville dies from tuberculosis
July 1870 With parents sails to Canada
August 1, 1870 Arrives at Quebec
August 6, 1870 Family buys Brantford home
April 1871 To Boston to teach deaf (returns home to Brantford each summer)
July 26, 1874 In Brantford tells father of method to transmit sound by wire.
Winter 1874-75 Works on "harmonic telegraph" in Boston with Tom Watson
June 2, 1875 Hears sound over device
Summer 1875 With Watson constructs Gallows Frame, world's first telephone
September 1875 Writes patent specifications in Brantford
1875 First contact with Smithsonian Institution: Joseph Henry encourages him
March 10, 1876 Hears Watson's voice over liquid transmitter (second telephone)
June 25, 1876 Demonstrates Centennial transmitter (third telephone) to Sir William Thomson and Emperor Pedro II at Philadelphia Exposition.
July 7,9,22, 1876 With others tries unsuccessfully to talk long distance over telegraph lines
Early Aug. 1876 "Three great tests" of telephone in and near Brantford
August 1876 Thomson describes telephone to British Association for the Advancement of Science
Sept. 14, 1876 Thomson describes telephone in Nature
October 6, 1876 Holds world's first two-way telephone conversation with Watson, in Boston
October 9, 1876 Holds two-way conversation with Watson over telegraph line linking Boston and East Cambridge
July 9, 1877 With Watson, Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard, forms Bell Telephone Company, a voluntary association.
July 11, 1877 Marries Mabel Hubbard
1877-78 With wife in England
May 8, 1878 Elsie Mayborn - first daughter of Alexander Graham and Mabel Bell
July 1878 Bell Telephone Company reorganized as a corporation
1879 Bells settle in Washington, D.C.
1879-80 Works on photophone with assistant, Sumner Tainter
Summer of 1881 Rushes, with Tainter, to develop telephone probe to assist mortally wounded President James Garfield
1880 Marian, second daughter born to Bells
1882 With father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, acquires and reorganizes journal Science
1883 Opens school for deaf and non-deaf children on Scott Circle in Washington
Summer 1885 Bells visit Baddeck for the first time
November 1885 Closes school for deaf because of patent litigation
1887 Her father brings Helen Keller to Bell--beginning lifelong friendship
January 1888 With Gardiner Hubbard and others helps to found National Geographic Society
1890 Conducts first national census of the deaf in the United States
Spring of 1891 Becomes interested in flight and begins experiments at Baddeck
Late 1894 Begins tests of wings and propellers at Baddeck
May 1896 Witnesses flight of Samuel Langley's steam-powered model plane on Potomac River
1898 Begins kite experiments at Baddeck
1898 Becomes president of National Geographic Society, regent of Smithsonian Institution
Summer of 1901 Triangular prism-shaped box kite flies at Baddeck
August 25, 1902 Working on tetrahedral design (objects with four triangular sides)
August 1903 Langley flies quarter-size model plane
October 7, 1903 Test of Langley's aerodrome fails
Dec. 8, 1903 Langley's aerodrome fails again
Dec. 17, 1903 Wright brothers fly at Kitty Hawk
December 1904 1300-celled Frost King flies at Baddeck
1906 Begins thinking about hydrosurfaces
Summer of 1906 Casey Baldwin visits Baddeck with Douglas McCurdy
July 1907 Glenn Curtiss takes engine to Baddeck
September 1907 Thomas Selfridge joins Bell, Baldwin, Curtiss, and McCurdy at Baddeck
October 1, 1907 Group sets up Aerial Experiement Association (AEA) with funding from Mabel Bell
Dec. 3, 1907 Tetrahedral kite Cygnet I flies unmanned at Baddeck
Dec. 6, 1907 Selfridge flies in Cygnet I which crashes
Jan. 13, 1908 First trial of bamboo biplane hang glider
March 12, 1908 Baldwin flies Red Wing, AEA's first powered aerodrome
March 19, 1908 Selfridge flies White Wing (Drome No. 2)
June 20, 1908 First flight of Drome No. 3 (June Bug)
July 4, 1908 Curtiss flies June Bug nearly one mile in first official aircraft test
Sept. 17, 1908 Selfridge killed flying at Fort Meyer
Dec. 6, 1908 Drome No. 4 (Silver Dart) flies at Hammondsport, NY
1908 With Baldwin, adds foils to catamaran and builds unsuccessful hydrofoil, Dhonas Bheag
Feb. 23, 1909 McCurdy makes first heavier-than-air flight in Canada in Silver Dart
February 1909 Unsuccessful attempts to fly Cygnet II
February 1909 AEA disbanded
April 1909 Provides financing and facilities at Baddeck for Baldwin and McCurdy's Canadian Aerodrome Company
July 1909 Has company start on full-scale powered aerodrome
March 1910 Unsuccessful trials of aerodromoe
April 1910 Baldwin and McCurdy dissolve company
1910 With Baldwin, successful work on hydrofoil
1910-11 With Baldwin on world tour
Winter 1911-12 Building tetrahedral aerodrome Cygnet III
1911-14 With Baldwin, builds hydrodrome HD-1; HD-2 and HD-3 come later; Bell and Baldwin follow separate but parallel paths on hydrofoils
1914-17 Halts hydrofoil research at Baddeck while United States neutral in First World War
1917 Urges Baldwin to build model of HD-4
1917-18 With Baldwin, builds HD-4
Sept. 9, 1919 HD-4 sets world speed record of 70.86 mph
August 2, 1922 Dies at Baddeck
Jan. 3, 1923 Mabel Bell dies

http://deafness.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=deafness&zu=http%3A%2F%2Ffortress.uccb.ns.ca%2Fparks%2Fagbchr_e.html!!

Born in Edinburgh in 1847, Alexander Graham Bell’s family were specialists in elocution and the teaching of the deaf - both his father and his grandfather were authorities on the subject. After an education at Edinburgh and London universities Bell himself became a teacher of the deaf.


Bell emigrated to Canada in 1870 and then on to the United States in 1871 where in 1872 he founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school eventually became part of Boston University and Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology there.

http://www.threetowners.com/scots/alexander_graham_bell.htm

Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, and was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He emigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound. In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology. He became a naturalized US citizen in 1882.
http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761568424__1/Bell_Alexander_Graham.html

Alexander Graham Bell, the man considered to be one of the most important inventors of the 19th century, was born March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Even though he was not born in Canada, many of his greatest scientific discoveries were made on Canadian soil.
Greatness was in his blood. His grandfather, Alexander Bell, was a respected orator and part-time actor in London, England. He went on to be an influential speech teacher, producing several key writings on the subjects of elocution and speech pathologies.
Bell's father, Alexander Melville, was also a pioneer in the field of elocution, developing "Visible Speech," a phonetic system that used a visual alphabet of symbols of the lip, throat and tongue positions needed to produce certain sounds. The system was instrumental in teaching deaf students to learn how to speak.
The inventing bug bit Alexander Graham Bell early. Described as a grave and serious boy with piercing black eyes, Bell was a bright and precocious student. Perhaps because his mother was a gifted pianist, Alexander displayed an aptitude for all things associated with sound and pitch; indeed, many of his first experiments involved sound. At the age of 14, he and his brother made a speaking apparatus using the voice box of a dead sheep; as well, Bell learned that if he manipulated the mouth and vocal chords of his pet terrier, he could make the dog's growls sound like words.
This early curiosity marked the beginning of Bell's lifelong fascination with sound and speech. Alexander would continue to pursue these interests as a student at universities in both Edinburgh and London, eventually deciding to follow in his father's footsteps as an elocution teacher.
After Alexander's two brothers died of tuberculosis, the Bells decided they should relocate Alexander, who had contracted the disease as well, to a more suitable climate. In 1870, the family immigrated to Canada, settling in Brantford, Ontario, where Alexander fully recovered.
At the age of 23, Alexander relocated to Boston, Massachusetts where he worked to publicize his father's Visible Speech system. In 1872, Bell founded his own school for deaf-mutes and shortly thereafter, he was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology at Boston University. During this productive period, the highly sensitive Alexander suffered from intense headaches brought on by stress and overwork, and he would often retreat to his family's Brantford estate to rest in the quiet, peaceful surroundings.
It was in Brantford that Bell's greatest idea was born. While relaxing atop the bluff he referred to as "his dreaming place," Bell allowed himself to brainstorm about a "harmonic telegraph" device he was working on. Alexander figured that if he could make an electric current undulate the same way air does when sound is produced, he could definitely transmit speech telegraphically. This daydream became the basis for the invention of the telephone.
Feeling inspired, Bell returned to Boston and began work on his invention. Always clumsy with his hands, Bell needed an assistant to actualize his idea and he found the perfect match in Thomas Watson, a gifted young electrician and model maker. The two laboured on the project for almost a year until a happy accident occurred on June 2, 1875. While Watson worked to loosen a reed that was wound around an electromagnet, Bell heard a noticeable twang, and realized this effect could be recreated with the human voice.
More tinkering followed and the first - now infamous - spoken words, "Mr. Watson, come here, I need you," were transmitted via telegraph on March 10, 1876. Legend has it Bell was so excited by his success that he promptly spilled battery acid on his clothes. After patenting the invention and staging a demonstration of the telephone at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, Bell went on to form the Bell Telephone Company in 1877.
Despite this remarkable achievement, Bell maintained he was much prouder of his accomplishments as a teacher of deaf mutes than of the invention of the telephone. Throughout his life, he worked closely with the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to ensure deaf people were not marginalized or excluded from everyday life.
In the same year he established the Bell Telephone Company, Bell married one of his former deaf pupils, Mabel S. Hubbard and the couple soon started a family. While vacationing in Canada, Bell discovered Baddeck, Nova Scotia. It reminded him of places from his childhood in Scotland and he purchased land in Baddeck, building a summer home called Beinn Bhreagh.
The Baddeck estate was a source of inspiration for Bell. Free from financial constraints, he devoted the remainder of his life to inventing, and many of his most inspired creations were developed at Beinn Bhreagh. Though he is best known for the telephone, Bell was responsible for several other key inventions, including a photophone (which transmitted speech via a ray of light); an induction balance used to locate pieces of metal in the human body; a precursor of the iron lung; a wax-recording cylinder (the basis for the phonograph); and a hydrofoil boat, known as the HD-4, that was the fastest boat in the world for many years.
Thirty years after Bell's death on August 2, 1922, the Canadian government constructed the Alexander Graham Bell National Historical Site in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, which currently houses the world's largest collection of Bell artefacts and archives.
Bell once remarked "Leave the beaten track behind occasionally and dive into the woods. Every time you do you will be certain to find something you have never seen before."
Canadians are most grateful he followed his own advice
http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/top_ten/nominee/bell-alexander-graham.html

Visible Speech
Origins
Visible Speech is a writing system invented in 1867 by Alexander Melville Bell, father of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. Melville Bell was a teacher of the deaf and intended his writing system to help deaf students learn spoken language.
Visible Speech was also the first notation system for the sounds of speech independent of a particular language or dialect and was widely used to teaching students how to speak with a "standard" accent.
Visible Speech symbols are intended to provide visual representations of the positions the organs of speech need to be in to articulate individual sounds. Once the underlying principles are understood it is apparently fairly straightforward.
Visible Speech is also known as the Physiological Alphabet.


Visible Speech with IPA equivalents

Visible Speech for English

Sample text in Visible Speech

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/visiblespeech.htm

Alexander Graham Bell and Deafness

Beyond the telephone

Join the Discussion

"What hearing spouse of a deaf woman opposed the idea of deaf people marrying each other?"

ab_deafness

Related Resources

• Other people features

• National Organization: AG Bell Association for the Deaf&HOH

Everyone knows about Alexander Graham Bell and his invention of the telephone. What is not as well known, is his ties to the deaf community. Inventions

The telephone, and other Bell innovations like the microphone, reportedly was developed in part to assist people with hearing loss.

Education

Bell taught deaf students at schools for the deaf (a school in London, Boston School for Deaf Mutes, the Clarke School for the Deaf, and at the American Asylum for the Deaf). He also opened a school for deaf and hearing students together, but the school had to be closed after just two years.

Marriage and Family

Although he married a deaf woman, a former speech pupil, Mabel Hubbard, Bell strongly opposed intermarriage among deaf people. Bell feared "contamination" of the human race by the propagation of deaf people even though most deaf people statistically are born to hearing parents. In addition, Bell's mother was hard of hearing/deaf

. Organizations

In 1880, Bell won the Volta Prize from France for his invention of the telephone, and utilized the winnings to set up the Volta Bureau, a library holding information on deafness. Ten years later, in 1890, Bell set up the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, with the objective of promoting oral communication (which later morphed into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing).

Other

Bell befriended Helen Keller, the deaf-blind woman famous in that era. Another major accomplishment was to conduct the first national census of the deaf, in 1890.

http://www.hearxchange.com/articles.cfm?viewType=eduarticles&contentBuilderID=7421
AT A GLANCE:
Alexander Graham Bell, American inventor and teacher of the deaf, most famous for his invention of the telephone. Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you.". THE STORY
RELATED INFO
BOOKS
VIDEOS
WEB SITES
QUOTATIONS
DID YOU KNOW?

Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell


Criteria; First practical. Modern prototype. Entrepreneur.
Birth: March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland
Death: August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada
Nationality: American

Invention: telephone on March 10, 1876


Function: noun / tel•e•phone
Definition: An instrument which converts sound, specifically the human voice, to electrical impulses of various frequencies and then back to a tone that sounds like the original voice.
Patent(s): 174,465 (US) issued March 7, 1876 filed February 14, 1876
161,739 (US) issued April 6, 1875 filed March 6, 1875

Milestones:
1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts
1874 while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephon
1875 files first patent for telegraphy
1876 when the first complete sentence was transmitted
1877 formed Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operation
1880 invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays
1882 acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, Elisha Gray's company
1885 formed American Telephone and Telegraph Company to operate the long distance network.
1886 first wax recording cylinder, introduced, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
1896 elected first President of National Geographic Society
1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates
1917 developed "hydrodrome," at (70 mph) the fastest boat in the world for many years
CAPs: Bell, Alexander Graham Bell, Telephone, Bell Telephone Company, AT&T, Bell Labs, Western Electric, Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, Elisha Gray, ARYS, telegraphy, telephone, history, biography, inventor, SIPS, inventor of, history of, who invented, invention of, fascinating facts.

The Story:
Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He immigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf-mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound.

In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed professor of vocal physiology. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1882.
Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you." Subsequent demonstrations, particularly one at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, introduced the telephone to the world.

He improved the results with a series of experiments over the next few months, including a critical test with this instrument on November 26. That day he transmitted sound clearly over a wire between Cambridge and Salem, Massachusetts. This design, used for both the transmitter and the receiver, became standard for the commercial instruments introduced in 1877.

In 1877, Bell and his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders formed the Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operations.In 1882, American Bell acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, which became its manufacturing unit. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was incorporated on March 3, 1885 as a wholly owned subsidiary of American Bell, chartered to build and operate the original long distance telephone network.
In 1880 France bestowed on Bell the Volta Prize, worth 50,000 francs, for his invention. With this money he founded the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C., where, in that same year, he and his associates invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays. Other inventions include the audiometer, used to measure acuity in hearing; the induction balance, used to locate metal objects in human bodies; and the first wax recording cylinder, introduced in 1886. The cylinder, together with the flat wax disc, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
After 1895 Bell's interest turned mostly to aeronautics. Many of his inventions in this area were first tested near his summer home at Baddeck on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada. His study of flight began with the construction of large kites, and in 1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates, including the American inventor and aviator Glenn Hammond Curtiss, Bell developed the aileron, a movable section of an airplane wing that controls roll. They also developed the tricycle landing gear, which first permitted takeoff and landing on a flying field.

Applying the principles of aeronautics to marine propulsion, his group started work on hydrofoil boats, which travel above the water at high speeds. His final full-sized "hydrodrome," developed in 1917, reached speeds in excess of 113 km/h (70 mph) and for many years was the fastest boat in the world. He died on August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, where a museum containing many of his original inventions is maintained by the Canadian government.
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/bell.htm


ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA (N.S.)
CHRONOLOGY OF ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
March 3, 1847 Born in Edinburgh
1862-63 Spent year in London with grandfather, Alexander Bell, expert on mechanics of speech
1864 With brother Melville built speaking device
1865 On death of Grandfather Bell, father Melville inherited London practice
1867 Brother Edward dies from tuberculosis
July-Dec. 1868 In charge of father's London practice while father in North America
1868-70 Studied vocal anatomy at University College, London
May 1870 Brother Melville dies from tuberculosis
July 1870 With parents sails to Canada
August 1, 1870 Arrives at Quebec
August 6, 1870 Family buys Brantford home
April 1871 To Boston to teach deaf (returns home to Brantford each summer)
July 26, 1874 In Brantford tells father of method to transmit sound by wire.
Winter 1874-75 Works on "harmonic telegraph" in Boston with Tom Watson
June 2, 1875 Hears sound over device
Summer 1875 With Watson constructs Gallows Frame, world's first telephone
September 1875 Writes patent specifications in Brantford
1875 First contact with Smithsonian Institution: Joseph Henry encourages him
March 10, 1876 Hears Watson's voice over liquid transmitter (second telephone)
June 25, 1876 Demonstrates Centennial transmitter (third telephone) to Sir William Thomson and Emperor Pedro II at Philadelphia Exposition.
July 7,9,22, 1876 With others tries unsuccessfully to talk long distance over telegraph lines
Early Aug. 1876 "Three great tests" of telephone in and near Brantford
August 1876 Thomson describes telephone to British Association for the Advancement of Science
Sept. 14, 1876 Thomson describes telephone in Nature
October 6, 1876 Holds world's first two-way telephone conversation with Watson, in Boston
October 9, 1876 Holds two-way conversation with Watson over telegraph line linking Boston and East Cambridge
July 9, 1877 With Watson, Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard, forms Bell Telephone Company, a voluntary association.
July 11, 1877 Marries Mabel Hubbard
1877-78 With wife in England
May 8, 1878 Elsie Mayborn - first daughter of Alexander Graham and Mabel Bell
July 1878 Bell Telephone Company reorganized as a corporation
1879 Bells settle in Washington, D.C.
1879-80 Works on photophone with assistant, Sumner Tainter
Summer of 1881 Rushes, with Tainter, to develop telephone probe to assist mortally wounded President James Garfield
1880 Marian, second daughter born to Bells
1882 With father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, acquires and reorganizes journal Science
1883 Opens school for deaf and non-deaf children on Scott Circle in Washington
Summer 1885 Bells visit Baddeck for the first time
November 1885 Closes school for deaf because of patent litigation
1887 Her father brings Helen Keller to Bell--beginning lifelong friendship
January 1888 With Gardiner Hubbard and others helps to found National Geographic Society
1890 Conducts first national census of the deaf in the United States
Spring of 1891 Becomes interested in flight and begins experiments at Baddeck
Late 1894 Begins tests of wings and propellers at Baddeck
May 1896 Witnesses flight of Samuel Langley's steam-powered model plane on Potomac River
1898 Begins kite experiments at Baddeck
1898 Becomes president of National Geographic Society, regent of Smithsonian Institution
Summer of 1901 Triangular prism-shaped box kite flies at Baddeck
August 25, 1902 Working on tetrahedral design (objects with four triangular sides)
August 1903 Langley flies quarter-size model plane
October 7, 1903 Test of Langley's aerodrome fails
Dec. 8, 1903 Langley's aerodrome fails again
Dec. 17, 1903 Wright brothers fly at Kitty Hawk
December 1904 1300-celled Frost King flies at Baddeck
1906 Begins thinking about hydrosurfaces
Summer of 1906 Casey Baldwin visits Baddeck with Douglas McCurdy
July 1907 Glenn Curtiss takes engine to Baddeck
September 1907 Thomas Selfridge joins Bell, Baldwin, Curtiss, and McCurdy at Baddeck
October 1, 1907 Group sets up Aerial Experiement Association (AEA) with funding from Mabel Bell
Dec. 3, 1907 Tetrahedral kite Cygnet I flies unmanned at Baddeck
Dec. 6, 1907 Selfridge flies in Cygnet I which crashes
Jan. 13, 1908 First trial of bamboo biplane hang glider
March 12, 1908 Baldwin flies Red Wing, AEA's first powered aerodrome
March 19, 1908 Selfridge flies White Wing (Drome No. 2)
June 20, 1908 First flight of Drome No. 3 (June Bug)
July 4, 1908 Curtiss flies June Bug nearly one mile in first official aircraft test
Sept. 17, 1908 Selfridge killed flying at Fort Meyer
Dec. 6, 1908 Drome No. 4 (Silver Dart) flies at Hammondsport, NY
1908 With Baldwin, adds foils to catamaran and builds unsuccessful hydrofoil, Dhonas Bheag
Feb. 23, 1909 McCurdy makes first heavier-than-air flight in Canada in Silver Dart
February 1909 Unsuccessful attempts to fly Cygnet II
February 1909 AEA disbanded
April 1909 Provides financing and facilities at Baddeck for Baldwin and McCurdy's Canadian Aerodrome Company
July 1909 Has company start on full-scale powered aerodrome
March 1910 Unsuccessful trials of aerodromoe
April 1910 Baldwin and McCurdy dissolve company
1910 With Baldwin, successful work on hydrofoil
1910-11 With Baldwin on world tour
Winter 1911-12 Building tetrahedral aerodrome Cygnet III
1911-14 With Baldwin, builds hydrodrome HD-1; HD-2 and HD-3 come later; Bell and Baldwin follow separate but parallel paths on hydrofoils
1914-17 Halts hydrofoil research at Baddeck while United States neutral in First World War
1917 Urges Baldwin to build model of HD-4
1917-18 With Baldwin, builds HD-4
Sept. 9, 1919 HD-4 sets world speed record of 70.86 mph
August 2, 1922 Dies at Baddeck
Jan. 3, 1923 Mabel Bell dies

http://deafness.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=deafness&zu=http%3A%2F%2Ffortress.uccb.ns.ca%2Fparks%2Fagbchr_e.html!!

Born in Edinburgh in 1847, Alexander Graham Bell’s family were specialists in elocution and the teaching of the deaf - both his father and his grandfather were authorities on the subject. After an education at Edinburgh and London universities Bell himself became a teacher of the deaf.


Bell emigrated to Canada in 1870 and then on to the United States in 1871 where in 1872 he founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school eventually became part of Boston University and Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology there.

http://www.threetowners.com/scots/alexander_graham_bell.htm

Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, and was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He emigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound. In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology. He became a naturalized US citizen in 1882.
http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761568424__1/Bell_Alexander_Graham.html

Alexander Graham Bell, the man considered to be one of the most important inventors of the 19th century, was born March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Even though he was not born in Canada, many of his greatest scientific discoveries were made on Canadian soil.
Greatness was in his blood. His grandfather, Alexander Bell, was a respected orator and part-time actor in London, England. He went on to be an influential speech teacher, producing several key writings on the subjects of elocution and speech pathologies.
Bell's father, Alexander Melville, was also a pioneer in the field of elocution, developing "Visible Speech," a phonetic system that used a visual alphabet of symbols of the lip, throat and tongue positions needed to produce certain sounds. The system was instrumental in teaching deaf students to learn how to speak.
The inventing bug bit Alexander Graham Bell early. Described as a grave and serious boy with piercing black eyes, Bell was a bright and precocious student. Perhaps because his mother was a gifted pianist, Alexander displayed an aptitude for all things associated with sound and pitch; indeed, many of his first experiments involved sound. At the age of 14, he and his brother made a speaking apparatus using the voice box of a dead sheep; as well, Bell learned that if he manipulated the mouth and vocal chords of his pet terrier, he could make the dog's growls sound like words.
This early curiosity marked the beginning of Bell's lifelong fascination with sound and speech. Alexander would continue to pursue these interests as a student at universities in both Edinburgh and London, eventually deciding to follow in his father's footsteps as an elocution teacher.
After Alexander's two brothers died of tuberculosis, the Bells decided they should relocate Alexander, who had contracted the disease as well, to a more suitable climate. In 1870, the family immigrated to Canada, settling in Brantford, Ontario, where Alexander fully recovered.
At the age of 23, Alexander relocated to Boston, Massachusetts where he worked to publicize his father's Visible Speech system. In 1872, Bell founded his own school for deaf-mutes and shortly thereafter, he was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology at Boston University. During this productive period, the highly sensitive Alexander suffered from intense headaches brought on by stress and overwork, and he would often retreat to his family's Brantford estate to rest in the quiet, peaceful surroundings.
It was in Brantford that Bell's greatest idea was born. While relaxing atop the bluff he referred to as "his dreaming place," Bell allowed himself to brainstorm about a "harmonic telegraph" device he was working on. Alexander figured that if he could make an electric current undulate the same way air does when sound is produced, he could definitely transmit speech telegraphically. This daydream became the basis for the invention of the telephone.
Feeling inspired, Bell returned to Boston and began work on his invention. Always clumsy with his hands, Bell needed an assistant to actualize his idea and he found the perfect match in Thomas Watson, a gifted young electrician and model maker. The two laboured on the project for almost a year until a happy accident occurred on June 2, 1875. While Watson worked to loosen a reed that was wound around an electromagnet, Bell heard a noticeable twang, and realized this effect could be recreated with the human voice.
More tinkering followed and the first - now infamous - spoken words, "Mr. Watson, come here, I need you," were transmitted via telegraph on March 10, 1876. Legend has it Bell was so excited by his success that he promptly spilled battery acid on his clothes. After patenting the invention and staging a demonstration of the telephone at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, Bell went on to form the Bell Telephone Company in 1877.
Despite this remarkable achievement, Bell maintained he was much prouder of his accomplishments as a teacher of deaf mutes than of the invention of the telephone. Throughout his life, he worked closely with the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to ensure deaf people were not marginalized or excluded from everyday life.
In the same year he established the Bell Telephone Company, Bell married one of his former deaf pupils, Mabel S. Hubbard and the couple soon started a family. While vacationing in Canada, Bell discovered Baddeck, Nova Scotia. It reminded him of places from his childhood in Scotland and he purchased land in Baddeck, building a summer home called Beinn Bhreagh.
The Baddeck estate was a source of inspiration for Bell. Free from financial constraints, he devoted the remainder of his life to inventing, and many of his most inspired creations were developed at Beinn Bhreagh. Though he is best known for the telephone, Bell was responsible for several other key inventions, including a photophone (which transmitted speech via a ray of light); an induction balance used to locate pieces of metal in the human body; a precursor of the iron lung; a wax-recording cylinder (the basis for the phonograph); and a hydrofoil boat, known as the HD-4, that was the fastest boat in the world for many years.
Thirty years after Bell's death on August 2, 1922, the Canadian government constructed the Alexander Graham Bell National Historical Site in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, which currently houses the world's largest collection of Bell artefacts and archives.
Bell once remarked "Leave the beaten track behind occasionally and dive into the woods. Every time you do you will be certain to find something you have never seen before."
Canadians are most grateful he followed his own advice
http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/top_ten/nominee/bell-alexander-graham.html

Visible Speech
Origins
Visible Speech is a writing system invented in 1867 by Alexander Melville Bell, father of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. Melville Bell was a teacher of the deaf and intended his writing system to help deaf students learn spoken language.
Visible Speech was also the first notation system for the sounds of speech independent of a particular language or dialect and was widely used to teaching students how to speak with a "standard" accent.
Visible Speech symbols are intended to provide visual representations of the positions the organs of speech need to be in to articulate individual sounds. Once the underlying principles are understood it is apparently fairly straightforward.
Visible Speech is also known as the Physiological Alphabet.


Visible Speech with IPA equivalents

Visible Speech for English

Sample text in Visible Speech

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/visiblespeech.htm

Alexander Graham Bell and Deafness

Beyond the telephone

Join the Discussion

"What hearing spouse of a deaf woman opposed the idea of deaf people marrying each other?"

ab_deafness

Related Resources

• Other people features

• National Organization: AG Bell Association for the Deaf&HOH

Everyone knows about Alexander Graham Bell and his invention of the telephone. What is not as well known, is his ties to the deaf community. Inventions

The telephone, and other Bell innovations like the microphone, reportedly was developed in part to assist people with hearing loss.

Education

Bell taught deaf students at schools for the deaf (a school in London, Boston School for Deaf Mutes, the Clarke School for the Deaf, and at the American Asylum for the Deaf). He also opened a school for deaf and hearing students together, but the school had to be closed after just two years.

Marriage and Family

Although he married a deaf woman, a former speech pupil, Mabel Hubbard, Bell strongly opposed intermarriage among deaf people. Bell feared "contamination" of the human race by the propagation of deaf people even though most deaf people statistically are born to hearing parents. In addition, Bell's mother was hard of hearing/deaf

. Organizations

In 1880, Bell won the Volta Prize from France for his invention of the telephone, and utilized the winnings to set up the Volta Bureau, a library holding information on deafness. Ten years later, in 1890, Bell set up the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, with the objective of promoting oral communication (which later morphed into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing).

Other

Bell befriended Helen Keller, the deaf-blind woman famous in that era. Another major accomplishment was to conduct the first national census of the deaf, in 1890.

http://www.hearxchange.com/articles.cfm?viewType=eduarticles&contentBuilderID=7421

AT A GLANCE:
Alexander Graham Bell, American inventor and teacher of the deaf, most famous for his invention of the telephone. Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you.". THE STORY
RELATED INFO
BOOKS
VIDEOS
WEB SITES
QUOTATIONS
DID YOU KNOW?

Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell


Criteria; First practical. Modern prototype. Entrepreneur.
Birth: March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland
Death: August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada
Nationality: American

Invention: telephone on March 10, 1876


Function: noun / tel•e•phone
Definition: An instrument which converts sound, specifically the human voice, to electrical impulses of various frequencies and then back to a tone that sounds like the original voice.
Patent(s): 174,465 (US) issued March 7, 1876 filed February 14, 1876
161,739 (US) issued April 6, 1875 filed March 6, 1875

Milestones:
1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts
1874 while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephon
1875 files first patent for telegraphy
1876 when the first complete sentence was transmitted
1877 formed Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operation
1880 invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays
1882 acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, Elisha Gray's company
1885 formed American Telephone and Telegraph Company to operate the long distance network.
1886 first wax recording cylinder, introduced, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
1896 elected first President of National Geographic Society
1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates
1917 developed "hydrodrome," at (70 mph) the fastest boat in the world for many years
CAPs: Bell, Alexander Graham Bell, Telephone, Bell Telephone Company, AT&T, Bell Labs, Western Electric, Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, Elisha Gray, ARYS, telegraphy, telephone, history, biography, inventor, SIPS, inventor of, history of, who invented, invention of, fascinating facts.

The Story:
Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He immigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf-mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound.

In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed professor of vocal physiology. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1882.
Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you." Subsequent demonstrations, particularly one at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, introduced the telephone to the world.

He improved the results with a series of experiments over the next few months, including a critical test with this instrument on November 26. That day he transmitted sound clearly over a wire between Cambridge and Salem, Massachusetts. This design, used for both the transmitter and the receiver, became standard for the commercial instruments introduced in 1877.

In 1877, Bell and his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders formed the Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operations.In 1882, American Bell acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, which became its manufacturing unit. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was incorporated on March 3, 1885 as a wholly owned subsidiary of American Bell, chartered to build and operate the original long distance telephone network.
In 1880 France bestowed on Bell the Volta Prize, worth 50,000 francs, for his invention. With this money he founded the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C., where, in that same year, he and his associates invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays. Other inventions include the audiometer, used to measure acuity in hearing; the induction balance, used to locate metal objects in human bodies; and the first wax recording cylinder, introduced in 1886. The cylinder, together with the flat wax disc, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
After 1895 Bell's interest turned mostly to aeronautics. Many of his inventions in this area were first tested near his summer home at Baddeck on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada. His study of flight began with the construction of large kites, and in 1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates, including the American inventor and aviator Glenn Hammond Curtiss, Bell developed the aileron, a movable section of an airplane wing that controls roll. They also developed the tricycle landing gear, which first permitted takeoff and landing on a flying field.

Applying the principles of aeronautics to marine propulsion, his group started work on hydrofoil boats, which travel above the water at high speeds. His final full-sized "hydrodrome," developed in 1917, reached speeds in excess of 113 km/h (70 mph) and for many years was the fastest boat in the world. He died on August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, where a museum containing many of his original inventions is maintained by the Canadian government.
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/bell.htm


ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA (N.S.)
CHRONOLOGY OF ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
March 3, 1847 Born in Edinburgh
1862-63 Spent year in London with grandfather, Alexander Bell, expert on mechanics of speech
1864 With brother Melville built speaking device
1865 On death of Grandfather Bell, father Melville inherited London practice
1867 Brother Edward dies from tuberculosis
July-Dec. 1868 In charge of father's London practice while father in North America
1868-70 Studied vocal anatomy at University College, London
May 1870 Brother Melville dies from tuberculosis
July 1870 With parents sails to Canada
August 1, 1870 Arrives at Quebec
August 6, 1870 Family buys Brantford home
April 1871 To Boston to teach deaf (returns home to Brantford each summer)
July 26, 1874 In Brantford tells father of method to transmit sound by wire.
Winter 1874-75 Works on "harmonic telegraph" in Boston with Tom Watson
June 2, 1875 Hears sound over device
Summer 1875 With Watson constructs Gallows Frame, world's first telephone
September 1875 Writes patent specifications in Brantford
1875 First contact with Smithsonian Institution: Joseph Henry encourages him
March 10, 1876 Hears Watson's voice over liquid transmitter (second telephone)
June 25, 1876 Demonstrates Centennial transmitter (third telephone) to Sir William Thomson and Emperor Pedro II at Philadelphia Exposition.
July 7,9,22, 1876 With others tries unsuccessfully to talk long distance over telegraph lines
Early Aug. 1876 "Three great tests" of telephone in and near Brantford
August 1876 Thomson describes telephone to British Association for the Advancement of Science
Sept. 14, 1876 Thomson describes telephone in Nature
October 6, 1876 Holds world's first two-way telephone conversation with Watson, in Boston
October 9, 1876 Holds two-way conversation with Watson over telegraph line linking Boston and East Cambridge
July 9, 1877 With Watson, Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard, forms Bell Telephone Company, a voluntary association.
July 11, 1877 Marries Mabel Hubbard
1877-78 With wife in England
May 8, 1878 Elsie Mayborn - first daughter of Alexander Graham and Mabel Bell
July 1878 Bell Telephone Company reorganized as a corporation
1879 Bells settle in Washington, D.C.
1879-80 Works on photophone with assistant, Sumner Tainter
Summer of 1881 Rushes, with Tainter, to develop telephone probe to assist mortally wounded President James Garfield
1880 Marian, second daughter born to Bells
1882 With father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, acquires and reorganizes journal Science
1883 Opens school for deaf and non-deaf children on Scott Circle in Washington
Summer 1885 Bells visit Baddeck for the first time
November 1885 Closes school for deaf because of patent litigation
1887 Her father brings Helen Keller to Bell--beginning lifelong friendship
January 1888 With Gardiner Hubbard and others helps to found National Geographic Society
1890 Conducts first national census of the deaf in the United States
Spring of 1891 Becomes interested in flight and begins experiments at Baddeck
Late 1894 Begins tests of wings and propellers at Baddeck
May 1896 Witnesses flight of Samuel Langley's steam-powered model plane on Potomac River
1898 Begins kite experiments at Baddeck
1898 Becomes president of National Geographic Society, regent of Smithsonian Institution
Summer of 1901 Triangular prism-shaped box kite flies at Baddeck
August 25, 1902 Working on tetrahedral design (objects with four triangular sides)
August 1903 Langley flies quarter-size model plane
October 7, 1903 Test of Langley's aerodrome fails
Dec. 8, 1903 Langley's aerodrome fails again
Dec. 17, 1903 Wright brothers fly at Kitty Hawk
December 1904 1300-celled Frost King flies at Baddeck
1906 Begins thinking about hydrosurfaces
Summer of 1906 Casey Baldwin visits Baddeck with Douglas McCurdy
July 1907 Glenn Curtiss takes engine to Baddeck
September 1907 Thomas Selfridge joins Bell, Baldwin, Curtiss, and McCurdy at Baddeck
October 1, 1907 Group sets up Aerial Experiement Association (AEA) with funding from Mabel Bell
Dec. 3, 1907 Tetrahedral kite Cygnet I flies unmanned at Baddeck
Dec. 6, 1907 Selfridge flies in Cygnet I which crashes
Jan. 13, 1908 First trial of bamboo biplane hang glider
March 12, 1908 Baldwin flies Red Wing, AEA's first powered aerodrome
March 19, 1908 Selfridge flies White Wing (Drome No. 2)
June 20, 1908 First flight of Drome No. 3 (June Bug)
July 4, 1908 Curtiss flies June Bug nearly one mile in first official aircraft test
Sept. 17, 1908 Selfridge killed flying at Fort Meyer
Dec. 6, 1908 Drome No. 4 (Silver Dart) flies at Hammondsport, NY
1908 With Baldwin, adds foils to catamaran and builds unsuccessful hydrofoil, Dhonas Bheag
Feb. 23, 1909 McCurdy makes first heavier-than-air flight in Canada in Silver Dart
February 1909 Unsuccessful attempts to fly Cygnet II
February 1909 AEA disbanded
April 1909 Provides financing and facilities at Baddeck for Baldwin and McCurdy's Canadian Aerodrome Company
July 1909 Has company start on full-scale powered aerodrome
March 1910 Unsuccessful trials of aerodromoe
April 1910 Baldwin and McCurdy dissolve company
1910 With Baldwin, successful work on hydrofoil
1910-11 With Baldwin on world tour
Winter 1911-12 Building tetrahedral aerodrome Cygnet III
1911-14 With Baldwin, builds hydrodrome HD-1; HD-2 and HD-3 come later; Bell and Baldwin follow separate but parallel paths on hydrofoils
1914-17 Halts hydrofoil research at Baddeck while United States neutral in First World War
1917 Urges Baldwin to build model of HD-4
1917-18 With Baldwin, builds HD-4
Sept. 9, 1919 HD-4 sets world speed record of 70.86 mph
August 2, 1922 Dies at Baddeck
Jan. 3, 1923 Mabel Bell dies

http://deafness.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=deafness&zu=http%3A%2F%2Ffortress.uccb.ns.ca%2Fparks%2Fagbchr_e.html!!

Born in Edinburgh in 1847, Alexander Graham Bell’s family were specialists in elocution and the teaching of the deaf - both his father and his grandfather were authorities on the subject. After an education at Edinburgh and London universities Bell himself became a teacher of the deaf.


Bell emigrated to Canada in 1870 and then on to the United States in 1871 where in 1872 he founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school eventually became part of Boston University and Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology there.

http://www.threetowners.com/scots/alexander_graham_bell.htm

Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, and was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He emigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound. In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology. He became a naturalized US citizen in 1882.
http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761568424__1/Bell_Alexander_Graham.html

Alexander Graham Bell, the man considered to be one of the most important inventors of the 19th century, was born March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Even though he was not born in Canada, many of his greatest scientific discoveries were made on Canadian soil.
Greatness was in his blood. His grandfather, Alexander Bell, was a respected orator and part-time actor in London, England. He went on to be an influential speech teacher, producing several key writings on the subjects of elocution and speech pathologies.
Bell's father, Alexander Melville, was also a pioneer in the field of elocution, developing "Visible Speech," a phonetic system that used a visual alphabet of symbols of the lip, throat and tongue positions needed to produce certain sounds. The system was instrumental in teaching deaf students to learn how to speak.
The inventing bug bit Alexander Graham Bell early. Described as a grave and serious boy with piercing black eyes, Bell was a bright and precocious student. Perhaps because his mother was a gifted pianist, Alexander displayed an aptitude for all things associated with sound and pitch; indeed, many of his first experiments involved sound. At the age of 14, he and his brother made a speaking apparatus using the voice box of a dead sheep; as well, Bell learned that if he manipulated the mouth and vocal chords of his pet terrier, he could make the dog's growls sound like words.
This early curiosity marked the beginning of Bell's lifelong fascination with sound and speech. Alexander would continue to pursue these interests as a student at universities in both Edinburgh and London, eventually deciding to follow in his father's footsteps as an elocution teacher.
After Alexander's two brothers died of tuberculosis, the Bells decided they should relocate Alexander, who had contracted the disease as well, to a more suitable climate. In 1870, the family immigrated to Canada, settling in Brantford, Ontario, where Alexander fully recovered.
At the age of 23, Alexander relocated to Boston, Massachusetts where he worked to publicize his father's Visible Speech system. In 1872, Bell founded his own school for deaf-mutes and shortly thereafter, he was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology at Boston University. During this productive period, the highly sensitive Alexander suffered from intense headaches brought on by stress and overwork, and he would often retreat to his family's Brantford estate to rest in the quiet, peaceful surroundings.
It was in Brantford that Bell's greatest idea was born. While relaxing atop the bluff he referred to as "his dreaming place," Bell allowed himself to brainstorm about a "harmonic telegraph" device he was working on. Alexander figured that if he could make an electric current undulate the same way air does when sound is produced, he could definitely transmit speech telegraphically. This daydream became the basis for the invention of the telephone.
Feeling inspired, Bell returned to Boston and began work on his invention. Always clumsy with his hands, Bell needed an assistant to actualize his idea and he found the perfect match in Thomas Watson, a gifted young electrician and model maker. The two laboured on the project for almost a year until a happy accident occurred on June 2, 1875. While Watson worked to loosen a reed that was wound around an electromagnet, Bell heard a noticeable twang, and realized this effect could be recreated with the human voice.
More tinkering followed and the first - now infamous - spoken words, "Mr. Watson, come here, I need you," were transmitted via telegraph on March 10, 1876. Legend has it Bell was so excited by his success that he promptly spilled battery acid on his clothes. After patenting the invention and staging a demonstration of the telephone at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, Bell went on to form the Bell Telephone Company in 1877.
Despite this remarkable achievement, Bell maintained he was much prouder of his accomplishments as a teacher of deaf mutes than of the invention of the telephone. Throughout his life, he worked closely with the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to ensure deaf people were not marginalized or excluded from everyday life.
In the same year he established the Bell Telephone Company, Bell married one of his former deaf pupils, Mabel S. Hubbard and the couple soon started a family. While vacationing in Canada, Bell discovered Baddeck, Nova Scotia. It reminded him of places from his childhood in Scotland and he purchased land in Baddeck, building a summer home called Beinn Bhreagh.
The Baddeck estate was a source of inspiration for Bell. Free from financial constraints, he devoted the remainder of his life to inventing, and many of his most inspired creations were developed at Beinn Bhreagh. Though he is best known for the telephone, Bell was responsible for several other key inventions, including a photophone (which transmitted speech via a ray of light); an induction balance used to locate pieces of metal in the human body; a precursor of the iron lung; a wax-recording cylinder (the basis for the phonograph); and a hydrofoil boat, known as the HD-4, that was the fastest boat in the world for many years.
Thirty years after Bell's death on August 2, 1922, the Canadian government constructed the Alexander Graham Bell National Historical Site in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, which currently houses the world's largest collection of Bell artefacts and archives.
Bell once remarked "Leave the beaten track behind occasionally and dive into the woods. Every time you do you will be certain to find something you have never seen before."
Canadians are most grateful he followed his own advice
http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/top_ten/nominee/bell-alexander-graham.html

Visible Speech
Origins
Visible Speech is a writing system invented in 1867 by Alexander Melville Bell, father of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. Melville Bell was a teacher of the deaf and intended his writing system to help deaf students learn spoken language.
Visible Speech was also the first notation system for the sounds of speech independent of a particular language or dialect and was widely used to teaching students how to speak with a "standard" accent.
Visible Speech symbols are intended to provide visual representations of the positions the organs of speech need to be in to articulate individual sounds. Once the underlying principles are understood it is apparently fairly straightforward.
Visible Speech is also known as the Physiological Alphabet.


Visible Speech with IPA equivalents

Visible Speech for English

Sample text in Visible Speech

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/visiblespeech.htm

Alexander Graham Bell and Deafness

Beyond the telephone

Join the Discussion

"What hearing spouse of a deaf woman opposed the idea of deaf people marrying each other?"

ab_deafness

Related Resources

• Other people features

• National Organization: AG Bell Association for the Deaf&HOH

Everyone knows about Alexander Graham Bell and his invention of the telephone. What is not as well known, is his ties to the deaf community. Inventions

The telephone, and other Bell innovations like the microphone, reportedly was developed in part to assist people with hearing loss.

Education

Bell taught deaf students at schools for the deaf (a school in London, Boston School for Deaf Mutes, the Clarke School for the Deaf, and at the American Asylum for the Deaf). He also opened a school for deaf and hearing students together, but the school had to be closed after just two years.

Marriage and Family

Although he married a deaf woman, a former speech pupil, Mabel Hubbard, Bell strongly opposed intermarriage among deaf people. Bell feared "contamination" of the human race by the propagation of deaf people even though most deaf people statistically are born to hearing parents. In addition, Bell's mother was hard of hearing/deaf

. Organizations

In 1880, Bell won the Volta Prize from France for his invention of the telephone, and utilized the winnings to set up the Volta Bureau, a library holding information on deafness. Ten years later, in 1890, Bell set up the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, with the objective of promoting oral communication (which later morphed into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing).

Other

Bell befriended Helen Keller, the deaf-blind woman famous in that era. Another major accomplishment was to conduct the first national census of the deaf, in 1890.

http://www.hearxchange.com/articles.cfm?viewType=eduarticles&contentBuilderID=7421

AT A GLANCE:
Alexander Graham Bell, American inventor and teacher of the deaf, most famous for his invention of the telephone. Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you.". THE STORY
RELATED INFO
BOOKS
VIDEOS
WEB SITES
QUOTATIONS
DID YOU KNOW?

Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell


Criteria; First practical. Modern prototype. Entrepreneur.
Birth: March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland
Death: August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada
Nationality: American

Invention: telephone on March 10, 1876


Function: noun / tel•e•phone
Definition: An instrument which converts sound, specifically the human voice, to electrical impulses of various frequencies and then back to a tone that sounds like the original voice.
Patent(s): 174,465 (US) issued March 7, 1876 filed February 14, 1876
161,739 (US) issued April 6, 1875 filed March 6, 1875

Milestones:
1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts
1874 while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephon
1875 files first patent for telegraphy
1876 when the first complete sentence was transmitted
1877 formed Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operation
1880 invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays
1882 acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, Elisha Gray's company
1885 formed American Telephone and Telegraph Company to operate the long distance network.
1886 first wax recording cylinder, introduced, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
1896 elected first President of National Geographic Society
1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates
1917 developed "hydrodrome," at (70 mph) the fastest boat in the world for many years
CAPs: Bell, Alexander Graham Bell, Telephone, Bell Telephone Company, AT&T, Bell Labs, Western Electric, Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, Elisha Gray, ARYS, telegraphy, telephone, history, biography, inventor, SIPS, inventor of, history of, who invented, invention of, fascinating facts.

The Story:
Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He immigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf-mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound.

In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed professor of vocal physiology. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1882.
Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you." Subsequent demonstrations, particularly one at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, introduced the telephone to the world.

He improved the results with a series of experiments over the next few months, including a critical test with this instrument on November 26. That day he transmitted sound clearly over a wire between Cambridge and Salem, Massachusetts. This design, used for both the transmitter and the receiver, became standard for the commercial instruments introduced in 1877.

In 1877, Bell and his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders formed the Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operations.In 1882, American Bell acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, which became its manufacturing unit. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was incorporated on March 3, 1885 as a wholly owned subsidiary of American Bell, chartered to build and operate the original long distance telephone network.
In 1880 France bestowed on Bell the Volta Prize, worth 50,000 francs, for his invention. With this money he founded the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C., where, in that same year, he and his associates invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays. Other inventions include the audiometer, used to measure acuity in hearing; the induction balance, used to locate metal objects in human bodies; and the first wax recording cylinder, introduced in 1886. The cylinder, together with the flat wax disc, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
After 1895 Bell's interest turned mostly to aeronautics. Many of his inventions in this area were first tested near his summer home at Baddeck on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada. His study of flight began with the construction of large kites, and in 1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates, including the American inventor and aviator Glenn Hammond Curtiss, Bell developed the aileron, a movable section of an airplane wing that controls roll. They also developed the tricycle landing gear, which first permitted takeoff and landing on a flying field.

Applying the principles of aeronautics to marine propulsion, his group started work on hydrofoil boats, which travel above the water at high speeds. His final full-sized "hydrodrome," developed in 1917, reached speeds in excess of 113 km/h (70 mph) and for many years was the fastest boat in the world. He died on August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, where a museum containing many of his original inventions is maintained by the Canadian government.
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/bell.htm


ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA (N.S.)
CHRONOLOGY OF ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
March 3, 1847 Born in Edinburgh
1862-63 Spent year in London with grandfather, Alexander Bell, expert on mechanics of speech
1864 With brother Melville built speaking device
1865 On death of Grandfather Bell, father Melville inherited London practice
1867 Brother Edward dies from tuberculosis
July-Dec. 1868 In charge of father's London practice while father in North America
1868-70 Studied vocal anatomy at University College, London
May 1870 Brother Melville dies from tuberculosis
July 1870 With parents sails to Canada
August 1, 1870 Arrives at Quebec
August 6, 1870 Family buys Brantford home
April 1871 To Boston to teach deaf (returns home to Brantford each summer)
July 26, 1874 In Brantford tells father of method to transmit sound by wire.
Winter 1874-75 Works on "harmonic telegraph" in Boston with Tom Watson
June 2, 1875 Hears sound over device
Summer 1875 With Watson constructs Gallows Frame, world's first telephone
September 1875 Writes patent specifications in Brantford
1875 First contact with Smithsonian Institution: Joseph Henry encourages him
March 10, 1876 Hears Watson's voice over liquid transmitter (second telephone)
June 25, 1876 Demonstrates Centennial transmitter (third telephone) to Sir William Thomson and Emperor Pedro II at Philadelphia Exposition.
July 7,9,22, 1876 With others tries unsuccessfully to talk long distance over telegraph lines
Early Aug. 1876 "Three great tests" of telephone in and near Brantford
August 1876 Thomson describes telephone to British Association for the Advancement of Science
Sept. 14, 1876 Thomson describes telephone in Nature
October 6, 1876 Holds world's first two-way telephone conversation with Watson, in Boston
October 9, 1876 Holds two-way conversation with Watson over telegraph line linking Boston and East Cambridge
July 9, 1877 With Watson, Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard, forms Bell Telephone Company, a voluntary association.
July 11, 1877 Marries Mabel Hubbard
1877-78 With wife in England
May 8, 1878 Elsie Mayborn - first daughter of Alexander Graham and Mabel Bell
July 1878 Bell Telephone Company reorganized as a corporation
1879 Bells settle in Washington, D.C.
1879-80 Works on photophone with assistant, Sumner Tainter
Summer of 1881 Rushes, with Tainter, to develop telephone probe to assist mortally wounded President James Garfield
1880 Marian, second daughter born to Bells
1882 With father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, acquires and reorganizes journal Science
1883 Opens school for deaf and non-deaf children on Scott Circle in Washington
Summer 1885 Bells visit Baddeck for the first time
November 1885 Closes school for deaf because of patent litigation
1887 Her father brings Helen Keller to Bell--beginning lifelong friendship
January 1888 With Gardiner Hubbard and others helps to found National Geographic Society
1890 Conducts first national census of the deaf in the United States
Spring of 1891 Becomes interested in flight and begins experiments at Baddeck
Late 1894 Begins tests of wings and propellers at Baddeck
May 1896 Witnesses flight of Samuel Langley's steam-powered model plane on Potomac River
1898 Begins kite experiments at Baddeck
1898 Becomes president of National Geographic Society, regent of Smithsonian Institution
Summer of 1901 Triangular prism-shaped box kite flies at Baddeck
August 25, 1902 Working on tetrahedral design (objects with four triangular sides)
August 1903 Langley flies quarter-size model plane
October 7, 1903 Test of Langley's aerodrome fails
Dec. 8, 1903 Langley's aerodrome fails again
Dec. 17, 1903 Wright brothers fly at Kitty Hawk
December 1904 1300-celled Frost King flies at Baddeck
1906 Begins thinking about hydrosurfaces
Summer of 1906 Casey Baldwin visits Baddeck with Douglas McCurdy
July 1907 Glenn Curtiss takes engine to Baddeck
September 1907 Thomas Selfridge joins Bell, Baldwin, Curtiss, and McCurdy at Baddeck
October 1, 1907 Group sets up Aerial Experiement Association (AEA) with funding from Mabel Bell
Dec. 3, 1907 Tetrahedral kite Cygnet I flies unmanned at Baddeck
Dec. 6, 1907 Selfridge flies in Cygnet I which crashes
Jan. 13, 1908 First trial of bamboo biplane hang glider
March 12, 1908 Baldwin flies Red Wing, AEA's first powered aerodrome
March 19, 1908 Selfridge flies White Wing (Drome No. 2)
June 20, 1908 First flight of Drome No. 3 (June Bug)
July 4, 1908 Curtiss flies June Bug nearly one mile in first official aircraft test
Sept. 17, 1908 Selfridge killed flying at Fort Meyer
Dec. 6, 1908 Drome No. 4 (Silver Dart) flies at Hammondsport, NY
1908 With Baldwin, adds foils to catamaran and builds unsuccessful hydrofoil, Dhonas Bheag
Feb. 23, 1909 McCurdy makes first heavier-than-air flight in Canada in Silver Dart
February 1909 Unsuccessful attempts to fly Cygnet II
February 1909 AEA disbanded
April 1909 Provides financing and facilities at Baddeck for Baldwin and McCurdy's Canadian Aerodrome Company
July 1909 Has company start on full-scale powered aerodrome
March 1910 Unsuccessful trials of aerodromoe
April 1910 Baldwin and McCurdy dissolve company
1910 With Baldwin, successful work on hydrofoil
1910-11 With Baldwin on world tour
Winter 1911-12 Building tetrahedral aerodrome Cygnet III
1911-14 With Baldwin, builds hydrodrome HD-1; HD-2 and HD-3 come later; Bell and Baldwin follow separate but parallel paths on hydrofoils
1914-17 Halts hydrofoil research at Baddeck while United States neutral in First World War
1917 Urges Baldwin to build model of HD-4
1917-18 With Baldwin, builds HD-4
Sept. 9, 1919 HD-4 sets world speed record of 70.86 mph
August 2, 1922 Dies at Baddeck
Jan. 3, 1923 Mabel Bell dies

http://deafness.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=deafness&zu=http%3A%2F%2Ffortress.uccb.ns.ca%2Fparks%2Fagbchr_e.html!!

Born in Edinburgh in 1847, Alexander Graham Bell’s family were specialists in elocution and the teaching of the deaf - both his father and his grandfather were authorities on the subject. After an education at Edinburgh and London universities Bell himself became a teacher of the deaf.


Bell emigrated to Canada in 1870 and then on to the United States in 1871 where in 1872 he founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school eventually became part of Boston University and Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology there.

http://www.threetowners.com/scots/alexander_graham_bell.htm

Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, and was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He emigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound. In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology. He became a naturalized US citizen in 1882.
http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761568424__1/Bell_Alexander_Graham.html

Alexander Graham Bell, the man considered to be one of the most important inventors of the 19th century, was born March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Even though he was not born in Canada, many of his greatest scientific discoveries were made on Canadian soil.
Greatness was in his blood. His grandfather, Alexander Bell, was a respected orator and part-time actor in London, England. He went on to be an influential speech teacher, producing several key writings on the subjects of elocution and speech pathologies.
Bell's father, Alexander Melville, was also a pioneer in the field of elocution, developing "Visible Speech," a phonetic system that used a visual alphabet of symbols of the lip, throat and tongue positions needed to produce certain sounds. The system was instrumental in teaching deaf students to learn how to speak.
The inventing bug bit Alexander Graham Bell early. Described as a grave and serious boy with piercing black eyes, Bell was a bright and precocious student. Perhaps because his mother was a gifted pianist, Alexander displayed an aptitude for all things associated with sound and pitch; indeed, many of his first experiments involved sound. At the age of 14, he and his brother made a speaking apparatus using the voice box of a dead sheep; as well, Bell learned that if he manipulated the mouth and vocal chords of his pet terrier, he could make the dog's growls sound like words.
This early curiosity marked the beginning of Bell's lifelong fascination with sound and speech. Alexander would continue to pursue these interests as a student at universities in both Edinburgh and London, eventually deciding to follow in his father's footsteps as an elocution teacher.
After Alexander's two brothers died of tuberculosis, the Bells decided they should relocate Alexander, who had contracted the disease as well, to a more suitable climate. In 1870, the family immigrated to Canada, settling in Brantford, Ontario, where Alexander fully recovered.
At the age of 23, Alexander relocated to Boston, Massachusetts where he worked to publicize his father's Visible Speech system. In 1872, Bell founded his own school for deaf-mutes and shortly thereafter, he was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology at Boston University. During this productive period, the highly sensitive Alexander suffered from intense headaches brought on by stress and overwork, and he would often retreat to his family's Brantford estate to rest in the quiet, peaceful surroundings.
It was in Brantford that Bell's greatest idea was born. While relaxing atop the bluff he referred to as "his dreaming place," Bell allowed himself to brainstorm about a "harmonic telegraph" device he was working on. Alexander figured that if he could make an electric current undulate the same way air does when sound is produced, he could definitely transmit speech telegraphically. This daydream became the basis for the invention of the telephone.
Feeling inspired, Bell returned to Boston and began work on his invention. Always clumsy with his hands, Bell needed an assistant to actualize his idea and he found the perfect match in Thomas Watson, a gifted young electrician and model maker. The two laboured on the project for almost a year until a happy accident occurred on June 2, 1875. While Watson worked to loosen a reed that was wound around an electromagnet, Bell heard a noticeable twang, and realized this effect could be recreated with the human voice.
More tinkering followed and the first - now infamous - spoken words, "Mr. Watson, come here, I need you," were transmitted via telegraph on March 10, 1876. Legend has it Bell was so excited by his success that he promptly spilled battery acid on his clothes. After patenting the invention and staging a demonstration of the telephone at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, Bell went on to form the Bell Telephone Company in 1877.
Despite this remarkable achievement, Bell maintained he was much prouder of his accomplishments as a teacher of deaf mutes than of the invention of the telephone. Throughout his life, he worked closely with the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to ensure deaf people were not marginalized or excluded from everyday life.
In the same year he established the Bell Telephone Company, Bell married one of his former deaf pupils, Mabel S. Hubbard and the couple soon started a family. While vacationing in Canada, Bell discovered Baddeck, Nova Scotia. It reminded him of places from his childhood in Scotland and he purchased land in Baddeck, building a summer home called Beinn Bhreagh.
The Baddeck estate was a source of inspiration for Bell. Free from financial constraints, he devoted the remainder of his life to inventing, and many of his most inspired creations were developed at Beinn Bhreagh. Though he is best known for the telephone, Bell was responsible for several other key inventions, including a photophone (which transmitted speech via a ray of light); an induction balance used to locate pieces of metal in the human body; a precursor of the iron lung; a wax-recording cylinder (the basis for the phonograph); and a hydrofoil boat, known as the HD-4, that was the fastest boat in the world for many years.
Thirty years after Bell's death on August 2, 1922, the Canadian government constructed the Alexander Graham Bell National Historical Site in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, which currently houses the world's largest collection of Bell artefacts and archives.
Bell once remarked "Leave the beaten track behind occasionally and dive into the woods. Every time you do you will be certain to find something you have never seen before."
Canadians are most grateful he followed his own advice
http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/top_ten/nominee/bell-alexander-graham.html

Visible Speech
Origins
Visible Speech is a writing system invented in 1867 by Alexander Melville Bell, father of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. Melville Bell was a teacher of the deaf and intended his writing system to help deaf students learn spoken language.
Visible Speech was also the first notation system for the sounds of speech independent of a particular language or dialect and was widely used to teaching students how to speak with a "standard" accent.
Visible Speech symbols are intended to provide visual representations of the positions the organs of speech need to be in to articulate individual sounds. Once the underlying principles are understood it is apparently fairly straightforward.
Visible Speech is also known as the Physiological Alphabet.


Visible Speech with IPA equivalents

Visible Speech for English

Sample text in Visible Speech

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/visiblespeech.htm

Alexander Graham Bell and Deafness

Beyond the telephone

Join the Discussion

"What hearing spouse of a deaf woman opposed the idea of deaf people marrying each other?"

ab_deafness

Related Resources

• Other people features

• National Organization: AG Bell Association for the Deaf&HOH

Everyone knows about Alexander Graham Bell and his invention of the telephone. What is not as well known, is his ties to the deaf community. Inventions

The telephone, and other Bell innovations like the microphone, reportedly was developed in part to assist people with hearing loss.

Education

Bell taught deaf students at schools for the deaf (a school in London, Boston School for Deaf Mutes, the Clarke School for the Deaf, and at the American Asylum for the Deaf). He also opened a school for deaf and hearing students together, but the school had to be closed after just two years.

Marriage and Family

Although he married a deaf woman, a former speech pupil, Mabel Hubbard, Bell strongly opposed intermarriage among deaf people. Bell feared "contamination" of the human race by the propagation of deaf people even though most deaf people statistically are born to hearing parents. In addition, Bell's mother was hard of hearing/deaf

. Organizations

In 1880, Bell won the Volta Prize from France for his invention of the telephone, and utilized the winnings to set up the Volta Bureau, a library holding information on deafness. Ten years later, in 1890, Bell set up the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, with the objective of promoting oral communication (which later morphed into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing).

Other

Bell befriended Helen Keller, the deaf-blind woman famous in that era. Another major accomplishment was to conduct the first national census of the deaf, in 1890.

http://www.hearxchange.com/articles.cfm?viewType=eduarticles&contentBuilderID=7421

AT A GLANCE:
Alexander Graham Bell, American inventor and teacher of the deaf, most famous for his invention of the telephone. Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you.". THE STORY
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Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell


Criteria; First practical. Modern prototype. Entrepreneur.
Birth: March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland
Death: August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada
Nationality: American

Invention: telephone on March 10, 1876


Function: noun / tel•e•phone
Definition: An instrument which converts sound, specifically the human voice, to electrical impulses of various frequencies and then back to a tone that sounds like the original voice.
Patent(s): 174,465 (US) issued March 7, 1876 filed February 14, 1876
161,739 (US) issued April 6, 1875 filed March 6, 1875

Milestones:
1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts
1874 while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephon
1875 files first patent for telegraphy
1876 when the first complete sentence was transmitted
1877 formed Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operation
1880 invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays
1882 acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, Elisha Gray's company
1885 formed American Telephone and Telegraph Company to operate the long distance network.
1886 first wax recording cylinder, introduced, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
1896 elected first President of National Geographic Society
1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates
1917 developed "hydrodrome," at (70 mph) the fastest boat in the world for many years
CAPs: Bell, Alexander Graham Bell, Telephone, Bell Telephone Company, AT&T, Bell Labs, Western Electric, Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, Elisha Gray, ARYS, telegraphy, telephone, history, biography, inventor, SIPS, inventor of, history of, who invented, invention of, fascinating facts.

The Story:
Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He immigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf-mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound.

In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed professor of vocal physiology. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1882.
Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you." Subsequent demonstrations, particularly one at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, introduced the telephone to the world.

He improved the results with a series of experiments over the next few months, including a critical test with this instrument on November 26. That day he transmitted sound clearly over a wire between Cambridge and Salem, Massachusetts. This design, used for both the transmitter and the receiver, became standard for the commercial instruments introduced in 1877.

In 1877, Bell and his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders formed the Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operations.In 1882, American Bell acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, which became its manufacturing unit. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was incorporated on March 3, 1885 as a wholly owned subsidiary of American Bell, chartered to build and operate the original long distance telephone network.
In 1880 France bestowed on Bell the Volta Prize, worth 50,000 francs, for his invention. With this money he founded the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C., where, in that same year, he and his associates invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays. Other inventions include the audiometer, used to measure acuity in hearing; the induction balance, used to locate metal objects in human bodies; and the first wax recording cylinder, introduced in 1886. The cylinder, together with the flat wax disc, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
After 1895 Bell's interest turned mostly to aeronautics. Many of his inventions in this area were first tested near his summer home at Baddeck on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada. His study of flight began with the construction of large kites, and in 1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates, including the American inventor and aviator Glenn Hammond Curtiss, Bell developed the aileron, a movable section of an airplane wing that controls roll. They also developed the tricycle landing gear, which first permitted takeoff and landing on a flying field.

Applying the principles of aeronautics to marine propulsion, his group started work on hydrofoil boats, which travel above the water at high speeds. His final full-sized "hydrodrome," developed in 1917, reached speeds in excess of 113 km/h (70 mph) and for many years was the fastest boat in the world. He died on August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, where a museum containing many of his original inventions is maintained by the Canadian government.
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/bell.htm


ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA (N.S.)
CHRONOLOGY OF ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
March 3, 1847 Born in Edinburgh
1862-63 Spent year in London with grandfather, Alexander Bell, expert on mechanics of speech
1864 With brother Melville built speaking device
1865 On death of Grandfather Bell, father Melville inherited London practice
1867 Brother Edward dies from tuberculosis
July-Dec. 1868 In charge of father's London practice while father in North America
1868-70 Studied vocal anatomy at University College, London
May 1870 Brother Melville dies from tuberculosis
July 1870 With parents sails to Canada
August 1, 1870 Arrives at Quebec
August 6, 1870 Family buys Brantford home
April 1871 To Boston to teach deaf (returns home to Brantford each summer)
July 26, 1874 In Brantford tells father of method to transmit sound by wire.
Winter 1874-75 Works on "harmonic telegraph" in Boston with Tom Watson
June 2, 1875 Hears sound over device
Summer 1875 With Watson constructs Gallows Frame, world's first telephone
September 1875 Writes patent specifications in Brantford
1875 First contact with Smithsonian Institution: Joseph Henry encourages him
March 10, 1876 Hears Watson's voice over liquid transmitter (second telephone)
June 25, 1876 Demonstrates Centennial transmitter (third telephone) to Sir William Thomson and Emperor Pedro II at Philadelphia Exposition.
July 7,9,22, 1876 With others tries unsuccessfully to talk long distance over telegraph lines
Early Aug. 1876 "Three great tests" of telephone in and near Brantford
August 1876 Thomson describes telephone to British Association for the Advancement of Science
Sept. 14, 1876 Thomson describes telephone in Nature
October 6, 1876 Holds world's first two-way telephone conversation with Watson, in Boston
October 9, 1876 Holds two-way conversation with Watson over telegraph line linking Boston and East Cambridge
July 9, 1877 With Watson, Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard, forms Bell Telephone Company, a voluntary association.
July 11, 1877 Marries Mabel Hubbard
1877-78 With wife in England
May 8, 1878 Elsie Mayborn - first daughter of Alexander Graham and Mabel Bell
July 1878 Bell Telephone Company reorganized as a corporation
1879 Bells settle in Washington, D.C.
1879-80 Works on photophone with assistant, Sumner Tainter
Summer of 1881 Rushes, with Tainter, to develop telephone probe to assist mortally wounded President James Garfield
1880 Marian, second daughter born to Bells
1882 With father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, acquires and reorganizes journal Science
1883 Opens school for deaf and non-deaf children on Scott Circle in Washington
Summer 1885 Bells visit Baddeck for the first time
November 1885 Closes school for deaf because of patent litigation
1887 Her father brings Helen Keller to Bell--beginning lifelong friendship
January 1888 With Gardiner Hubbard and others helps to found National Geographic Society
1890 Conducts first national census of the deaf in the United States
Spring of 1891 Becomes interested in flight and begins experiments at Baddeck
Late 1894 Begins tests of wings and propellers at Baddeck
May 1896 Witnesses flight of Samuel Langley's steam-powered model plane on Potomac River
1898 Begins kite experiments at Baddeck
1898 Becomes president of National Geographic Society, regent of Smithsonian Institution
Summer of 1901 Triangular prism-shaped box kite flies at Baddeck
August 25, 1902 Working on tetrahedral design (objects with four triangular sides)
August 1903 Langley flies quarter-size model plane
October 7, 1903 Test of Langley's aerodrome fails
Dec. 8, 1903 Langley's aerodrome fails again
Dec. 17, 1903 Wright brothers fly at Kitty Hawk
December 1904 1300-celled Frost King flies at Baddeck
1906 Begins thinking about hydrosurfaces
Summer of 1906 Casey Baldwin visits Baddeck with Douglas McCurdy
July 1907 Glenn Curtiss takes engine to Baddeck
September 1907 Thomas Selfridge joins Bell, Baldwin, Curtiss, and McCurdy at Baddeck
October 1, 1907 Group sets up Aerial Experiement Association (AEA) with funding from Mabel Bell
Dec. 3, 1907 Tetrahedral kite Cygnet I flies unmanned at Baddeck
Dec. 6, 1907 Selfridge flies in Cygnet I which crashes
Jan. 13, 1908 First trial of bamboo biplane hang glider
March 12, 1908 Baldwin flies Red Wing, AEA's first powered aerodrome
March 19, 1908 Selfridge flies White Wing (Drome No. 2)
June 20, 1908 First flight of Drome No. 3 (June Bug)
July 4, 1908 Curtiss flies June Bug nearly one mile in first official aircraft test
Sept. 17, 1908 Selfridge killed flying at Fort Meyer
Dec. 6, 1908 Drome No. 4 (Silver Dart) flies at Hammondsport, NY
1908 With Baldwin, adds foils to catamaran and builds unsuccessful hydrofoil, Dhonas Bheag
Feb. 23, 1909 McCurdy makes first heavier-than-air flight in Canada in Silver Dart
February 1909 Unsuccessful attempts to fly Cygnet II
February 1909 AEA disbanded
April 1909 Provides financing and facilities at Baddeck for Baldwin and McCurdy's Canadian Aerodrome Company
July 1909 Has company start on full-scale powered aerodrome
March 1910 Unsuccessful trials of aerodromoe
April 1910 Baldwin and McCurdy dissolve company
1910 With Baldwin, successful work on hydrofoil
1910-11 With Baldwin on world tour
Winter 1911-12 Building tetrahedral aerodrome Cygnet III
1911-14 With Baldwin, builds hydrodrome HD-1; HD-2 and HD-3 come later; Bell and Baldwin follow separate but parallel paths on hydrofoils
1914-17 Halts hydrofoil research at Baddeck while United States neutral in First World War
1917 Urges Baldwin to build model of HD-4
1917-18 With Baldwin, builds HD-4
Sept. 9, 1919 HD-4 sets world speed record of 70.86 mph
August 2, 1922 Dies at Baddeck
Jan. 3, 1923 Mabel Bell dies

http://deafness.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=deafness&zu=http%3A%2F%2Ffortress.uccb.ns.ca%2Fparks%2Fagbchr_e.html!!

Born in Edinburgh in 1847, Alexander Graham Bell’s family were specialists in elocution and the teaching of the deaf - both his father and his grandfather were authorities on the subject. After an education at Edinburgh and London universities Bell himself became a teacher of the deaf.


Bell emigrated to Canada in 1870 and then on to the United States in 1871 where in 1872 he founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school eventually became part of Boston University and Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology there.

http://www.threetowners.com/scots/alexander_graham_bell.htm

Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, and was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He emigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound. In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology. He became a naturalized US citizen in 1882.
http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761568424__1/Bell_Alexander_Graham.html

Alexander Graham Bell, the man considered to be one of the most important inventors of the 19th century, was born March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Even though he was not born in Canada, many of his greatest scientific discoveries were made on Canadian soil.
Greatness was in his blood. His grandfather, Alexander Bell, was a respected orator and part-time actor in London, England. He went on to be an influential speech teacher, producing several key writings on the subjects of elocution and speech pathologies.
Bell's father, Alexander Melville, was also a pioneer in the field of elocution, developing "Visible Speech," a phonetic system that used a visual alphabet of symbols of the lip, throat and tongue positions needed to produce certain sounds. The system was instrumental in teaching deaf students to learn how to speak.
The inventing bug bit Alexander Graham Bell early. Described as a grave and serious boy with piercing black eyes, Bell was a bright and precocious student. Perhaps because his mother was a gifted pianist, Alexander displayed an aptitude for all things associated with sound and pitch; indeed, many of his first experiments involved sound. At the age of 14, he and his brother made a speaking apparatus using the voice box of a dead sheep; as well, Bell learned that if he manipulated the mouth and vocal chords of his pet terrier, he could make the dog's growls sound like words.
This early curiosity marked the beginning of Bell's lifelong fascination with sound and speech. Alexander would continue to pursue these interests as a student at universities in both Edinburgh and London, eventually deciding to follow in his father's footsteps as an elocution teacher.
After Alexander's two brothers died of tuberculosis, the Bells decided they should relocate Alexander, who had contracted the disease as well, to a more suitable climate. In 1870, the family immigrated to Canada, settling in Brantford, Ontario, where Alexander fully recovered.
At the age of 23, Alexander relocated to Boston, Massachusetts where he worked to publicize his father's Visible Speech system. In 1872, Bell founded his own school for deaf-mutes and shortly thereafter, he was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology at Boston University. During this productive period, the highly sensitive Alexander suffered from intense headaches brought on by stress and overwork, and he would often retreat to his family's Brantford estate to rest in the quiet, peaceful surroundings.
It was in Brantford that Bell's greatest idea was born. While relaxing atop the bluff he referred to as "his dreaming place," Bell allowed himself to brainstorm about a "harmonic telegraph" device he was working on. Alexander figured that if he could make an electric current undulate the same way air does when sound is produced, he could definitely transmit speech telegraphically. This daydream became the basis for the invention of the telephone.
Feeling inspired, Bell returned to Boston and began work on his invention. Always clumsy with his hands, Bell needed an assistant to actualize his idea and he found the perfect match in Thomas Watson, a gifted young electrician and model maker. The two laboured on the project for almost a year until a happy accident occurred on June 2, 1875. While Watson worked to loosen a reed that was wound around an electromagnet, Bell heard a noticeable twang, and realized this effect could be recreated with the human voice.
More tinkering followed and the first - now infamous - spoken words, "Mr. Watson, come here, I need you," were transmitted via telegraph on March 10, 1876. Legend has it Bell was so excited by his success that he promptly spilled battery acid on his clothes. After patenting the invention and staging a demonstration of the telephone at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, Bell went on to form the Bell Telephone Company in 1877.
Despite this remarkable achievement, Bell maintained he was much prouder of his accomplishments as a teacher of deaf mutes than of the invention of the telephone. Throughout his life, he worked closely with the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to ensure deaf people were not marginalized or excluded from everyday life.
In the same year he established the Bell Telephone Company, Bell married one of his former deaf pupils, Mabel S. Hubbard and the couple soon started a family. While vacationing in Canada, Bell discovered Baddeck, Nova Scotia. It reminded him of places from his childhood in Scotland and he purchased land in Baddeck, building a summer home called Beinn Bhreagh.
The Baddeck estate was a source of inspiration for Bell. Free from financial constraints, he devoted the remainder of his life to inventing, and many of his most inspired creations were developed at Beinn Bhreagh. Though he is best known for the telephone, Bell was responsible for several other key inventions, including a photophone (which transmitted speech via a ray of light); an induction balance used to locate pieces of metal in the human body; a precursor of the iron lung; a wax-recording cylinder (the basis for the phonograph); and a hydrofoil boat, known as the HD-4, that was the fastest boat in the world for many years.
Thirty years after Bell's death on August 2, 1922, the Canadian government constructed the Alexander Graham Bell National Historical Site in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, which currently houses the world's largest collection of Bell artefacts and archives.
Bell once remarked "Leave the beaten track behind occasionally and dive into the woods. Every time you do you will be certain to find something you have never seen before."
Canadians are most grateful he followed his own advice
http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/top_ten/nominee/bell-alexander-graham.html

Visible Speech
Origins
Visible Speech is a writing system invented in 1867 by Alexander Melville Bell, father of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. Melville Bell was a teacher of the deaf and intended his writing system to help deaf students learn spoken language.
Visible Speech was also the first notation system for the sounds of speech independent of a particular language or dialect and was widely used to teaching students how to speak with a "standard" accent.
Visible Speech symbols are intended to provide visual representations of the positions the organs of speech need to be in to articulate individual sounds. Once the underlying principles are understood it is apparently fairly straightforward.
Visible Speech is also known as the Physiological Alphabet.


Visible Speech with IPA equivalents

Visible Speech for English

Sample text in Visible Speech

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/visiblespeech.htm

Alexander Graham Bell and Deafness

Beyond the telephone

Join the Discussion

"What hearing spouse of a deaf woman opposed the idea of deaf people marrying each other?"

ab_deafness

Related Resources

• Other people features

• National Organization: AG Bell Association for the Deaf&HOH

Everyone knows about Alexander Graham Bell and his invention of the telephone. What is not as well known, is his ties to the deaf community. Inventions

The telephone, and other Bell innovations like the microphone, reportedly was developed in part to assist people with hearing loss.

Education

Bell taught deaf students at schools for the deaf (a school in London, Boston School for Deaf Mutes, the Clarke School for the Deaf, and at the American Asylum for the Deaf). He also opened a school for deaf and hearing students together, but the school had to be closed after just two years.

Marriage and Family

Although he married a deaf woman, a former speech pupil, Mabel Hubbard, Bell strongly opposed intermarriage among deaf people. Bell feared "contamination" of the human race by the propagation of deaf people even though most deaf people statistically are born to hearing parents. In addition, Bell's mother was hard of hearing/deaf

. Organizations

In 1880, Bell won the Volta Prize from France for his invention of the telephone, and utilized the winnings to set up the Volta Bureau, a library holding information on deafness. Ten years later, in 1890, Bell set up the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, with the objective of promoting oral communication (which later morphed into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing).

Other

Bell befriended Helen Keller, the deaf-blind woman famous in that era. Another major accomplishment was to conduct the first national census of the deaf, in 1890.

http://www.hearxchange.com/articles.cfm?viewType=eduarticles&contentBuilderID=7421

AT A GLANCE:
Alexander Graham Bell, American inventor and teacher of the deaf, most famous for his invention of the telephone. Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you.". THE STORY
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Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell


Criteria; First practical. Modern prototype. Entrepreneur.
Birth: March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland
Death: August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Canada
Nationality: American

Invention: telephone on March 10, 1876


Function: noun / tel•e•phone
Definition: An instrument which converts sound, specifically the human voice, to electrical impulses of various frequencies and then back to a tone that sounds like the original voice.
Patent(s): 174,465 (US) issued March 7, 1876 filed February 14, 1876
161,739 (US) issued April 6, 1875 filed March 6, 1875

Milestones:
1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts
1874 while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephon
1875 files first patent for telegraphy
1876 when the first complete sentence was transmitted
1877 formed Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operation
1880 invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays
1882 acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, Elisha Gray's company
1885 formed American Telephone and Telegraph Company to operate the long distance network.
1886 first wax recording cylinder, introduced, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
1896 elected first President of National Geographic Society
1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates
1917 developed "hydrodrome," at (70 mph) the fastest boat in the world for many years
CAPs: Bell, Alexander Graham Bell, Telephone, Bell Telephone Company, AT&T, Bell Labs, Western Electric, Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, Elisha Gray, ARYS, telegraphy, telephone, history, biography, inventor, SIPS, inventor of, history of, who invented, invention of, fascinating facts.

The Story:
Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He immigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf-mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound.

In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf-mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed professor of vocal physiology. He became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1882.
Since the age of 18, Bell had been working on the idea of transmitting speech. In 1874, while working on a multiple telegraph, he developed the basic ideas for the telephone. His experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: "Watson, come here; I want you." Subsequent demonstrations, particularly one at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, introduced the telephone to the world.

He improved the results with a series of experiments over the next few months, including a critical test with this instrument on November 26. That day he transmitted sound clearly over a wire between Cambridge and Salem, Massachusetts. This design, used for both the transmitter and the receiver, became standard for the commercial instruments introduced in 1877.

In 1877, Bell and his investors Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders formed the Bell Telephone Company to operate local telephone exchange operations.In 1882, American Bell acquired a controlling interest in the Western Electric Company, which became its manufacturing unit. The American Telephone and Telegraph Company was incorporated on March 3, 1885 as a wholly owned subsidiary of American Bell, chartered to build and operate the original long distance telephone network.
In 1880 France bestowed on Bell the Volta Prize, worth 50,000 francs, for his invention. With this money he founded the Volta Laboratory in Washington, D.C., where, in that same year, he and his associates invented the photophone, which transmits speech by light rays. Other inventions include the audiometer, used to measure acuity in hearing; the induction balance, used to locate metal objects in human bodies; and the first wax recording cylinder, introduced in 1886. The cylinder, together with the flat wax disc, formed the basis of the modern phonograph.
After 1895 Bell's interest turned mostly to aeronautics. Many of his inventions in this area were first tested near his summer home at Baddeck on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada. His study of flight began with the construction of large kites, and in 1907 he devised a kite capable of carrying a person. With a group of associates, including the American inventor and aviator Glenn Hammond Curtiss, Bell developed the aileron, a movable section of an airplane wing that controls roll. They also developed the tricycle landing gear, which first permitted takeoff and landing on a flying field.

Applying the principles of aeronautics to marine propulsion, his group started work on hydrofoil boats, which travel above the water at high speeds. His final full-sized "hydrodrome," developed in 1917, reached speeds in excess of 113 km/h (70 mph) and for many years was the fastest boat in the world. He died on August 2, 1922, at Baddeck, where a museum containing many of his original inventions is maintained by the Canadian government.
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/bell.htm


ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA (N.S.)
CHRONOLOGY OF ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
March 3, 1847 Born in Edinburgh
1862-63 Spent year in London with grandfather, Alexander Bell, expert on mechanics of speech
1864 With brother Melville built speaking device
1865 On death of Grandfather Bell, father Melville inherited London practice
1867 Brother Edward dies from tuberculosis
July-Dec. 1868 In charge of father's London practice while father in North America
1868-70 Studied vocal anatomy at University College, London
May 1870 Brother Melville dies from tuberculosis
July 1870 With parents sails to Canada
August 1, 1870 Arrives at Quebec
August 6, 1870 Family buys Brantford home
April 1871 To Boston to teach deaf (returns home to Brantford each summer)
July 26, 1874 In Brantford tells father of method to transmit sound by wire.
Winter 1874-75 Works on "harmonic telegraph" in Boston with Tom Watson
June 2, 1875 Hears sound over device
Summer 1875 With Watson constructs Gallows Frame, world's first telephone
September 1875 Writes patent specifications in Brantford
1875 First contact with Smithsonian Institution: Joseph Henry encourages him
March 10, 1876 Hears Watson's voice over liquid transmitter (second telephone)
June 25, 1876 Demonstrates Centennial transmitter (third telephone) to Sir William Thomson and Emperor Pedro II at Philadelphia Exposition.
July 7,9,22, 1876 With others tries unsuccessfully to talk long distance over telegraph lines
Early Aug. 1876 "Three great tests" of telephone in and near Brantford
August 1876 Thomson describes telephone to British Association for the Advancement of Science
Sept. 14, 1876 Thomson describes telephone in Nature
October 6, 1876 Holds world's first two-way telephone conversation with Watson, in Boston
October 9, 1876 Holds two-way conversation with Watson over telegraph line linking Boston and East Cambridge
July 9, 1877 With Watson, Thomas Sanders, and Gardiner Hubbard, forms Bell Telephone Company, a voluntary association.
July 11, 1877 Marries Mabel Hubbard
1877-78 With wife in England
May 8, 1878 Elsie Mayborn - first daughter of Alexander Graham and Mabel Bell
July 1878 Bell Telephone Company reorganized as a corporation
1879 Bells settle in Washington, D.C.
1879-80 Works on photophone with assistant, Sumner Tainter
Summer of 1881 Rushes, with Tainter, to develop telephone probe to assist mortally wounded President James Garfield
1880 Marian, second daughter born to Bells
1882 With father-in-law, Gardiner Hubbard, acquires and reorganizes journal Science
1883 Opens school for deaf and non-deaf children on Scott Circle in Washington
Summer 1885 Bells visit Baddeck for the first time
November 1885 Closes school for deaf because of patent litigation
1887 Her father brings Helen Keller to Bell--beginning lifelong friendship
January 1888 With Gardiner Hubbard and others helps to found National Geographic Society
1890 Conducts first national census of the deaf in the United States
Spring of 1891 Becomes interested in flight and begins experiments at Baddeck
Late 1894 Begins tests of wings and propellers at Baddeck
May 1896 Witnesses flight of Samuel Langley's steam-powered model plane on Potomac River
1898 Begins kite experiments at Baddeck
1898 Becomes president of National Geographic Society, regent of Smithsonian Institution
Summer of 1901 Triangular prism-shaped box kite flies at Baddeck
August 25, 1902 Working on tetrahedral design (objects with four triangular sides)
August 1903 Langley flies quarter-size model plane
October 7, 1903 Test of Langley's aerodrome fails
Dec. 8, 1903 Langley's aerodrome fails again
Dec. 17, 1903 Wright brothers fly at Kitty Hawk
December 1904 1300-celled Frost King flies at Baddeck
1906 Begins thinking about hydrosurfaces
Summer of 1906 Casey Baldwin visits Baddeck with Douglas McCurdy
July 1907 Glenn Curtiss takes engine to Baddeck
September 1907 Thomas Selfridge joins Bell, Baldwin, Curtiss, and McCurdy at Baddeck
October 1, 1907 Group sets up Aerial Experiement Association (AEA) with funding from Mabel Bell
Dec. 3, 1907 Tetrahedral kite Cygnet I flies unmanned at Baddeck
Dec. 6, 1907 Selfridge flies in Cygnet I which crashes
Jan. 13, 1908 First trial of bamboo biplane hang glider
March 12, 1908 Baldwin flies Red Wing, AEA's first powered aerodrome
March 19, 1908 Selfridge flies White Wing (Drome No. 2)
June 20, 1908 First flight of Drome No. 3 (June Bug)
July 4, 1908 Curtiss flies June Bug nearly one mile in first official aircraft test
Sept. 17, 1908 Selfridge killed flying at Fort Meyer
Dec. 6, 1908 Drome No. 4 (Silver Dart) flies at Hammondsport, NY
1908 With Baldwin, adds foils to catamaran and builds unsuccessful hydrofoil, Dhonas Bheag
Feb. 23, 1909 McCurdy makes first heavier-than-air flight in Canada in Silver Dart
February 1909 Unsuccessful attempts to fly Cygnet II
February 1909 AEA disbanded
April 1909 Provides financing and facilities at Baddeck for Baldwin and McCurdy's Canadian Aerodrome Company
July 1909 Has company start on full-scale powered aerodrome
March 1910 Unsuccessful trials of aerodromoe
April 1910 Baldwin and McCurdy dissolve company
1910 With Baldwin, successful work on hydrofoil
1910-11 With Baldwin on world tour
Winter 1911-12 Building tetrahedral aerodrome Cygnet III
1911-14 With Baldwin, builds hydrodrome HD-1; HD-2 and HD-3 come later; Bell and Baldwin follow separate but parallel paths on hydrofoils
1914-17 Halts hydrofoil research at Baddeck while United States neutral in First World War
1917 Urges Baldwin to build model of HD-4
1917-18 With Baldwin, builds HD-4
Sept. 9, 1919 HD-4 sets world speed record of 70.86 mph
August 2, 1922 Dies at Baddeck
Jan. 3, 1923 Mabel Bell dies

http://deafness.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=deafness&zu=http%3A%2F%2Ffortress.uccb.ns.ca%2Fparks%2Fagbchr_e.html!!

Born in Edinburgh in 1847, Alexander Graham Bell’s family were specialists in elocution and the teaching of the deaf - both his father and his grandfather were authorities on the subject. After an education at Edinburgh and London universities Bell himself became a teacher of the deaf.


Bell emigrated to Canada in 1870 and then on to the United States in 1871 where in 1872 he founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school eventually became part of Boston University and Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology there.

http://www.threetowners.com/scots/alexander_graham_bell.htm

Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, and was educated at the universities of Edinburgh and London. He emigrated to Canada in 1870 and to the United States in 1871. In the United States he began teaching deaf mutes, publicizing the system called visible speech. The system, which was developed by his father, the Scottish educator Alexander Melville Bell, shows how the lips, tongue, and throat are used in the articulation of sound. In 1872 Bell founded a school for deaf mutes in Boston, Massachusetts. The school subsequently became part of Boston University, where Bell was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology. He became a naturalized US citizen in 1882.
http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761568424__1/Bell_Alexander_Graham.html

Alexander Graham Bell, the man considered to be one of the most important inventors of the 19th century, was born March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Even though he was not born in Canada, many of his greatest scientific discoveries were made on Canadian soil.
Greatness was in his blood. His grandfather, Alexander Bell, was a respected orator and part-time actor in London, England. He went on to be an influential speech teacher, producing several key writings on the subjects of elocution and speech pathologies.
Bell's father, Alexander Melville, was also a pioneer in the field of elocution, developing "Visible Speech," a phonetic system that used a visual alphabet of symbols of the lip, throat and tongue positions needed to produce certain sounds. The system was instrumental in teaching deaf students to learn how to speak.
The inventing bug bit Alexander Graham Bell early. Described as a grave and serious boy with piercing black eyes, Bell was a bright and precocious student. Perhaps because his mother was a gifted pianist, Alexander displayed an aptitude for all things associated with sound and pitch; indeed, many of his first experiments involved sound. At the age of 14, he and his brother made a speaking apparatus using the voice box of a dead sheep; as well, Bell learned that if he manipulated the mouth and vocal chords of his pet terrier, he could make the dog's growls sound like words.
This early curiosity marked the beginning of Bell's lifelong fascination with sound and speech. Alexander would continue to pursue these interests as a student at universities in both Edinburgh and London, eventually deciding to follow in his father's footsteps as an elocution teacher.
After Alexander's two brothers died of tuberculosis, the Bells decided they should relocate Alexander, who had contracted the disease as well, to a more suitable climate. In 1870, the family immigrated to Canada, settling in Brantford, Ontario, where Alexander fully recovered.
At the age of 23, Alexander relocated to Boston, Massachusetts where he worked to publicize his father's Visible Speech system. In 1872, Bell founded his own school for deaf-mutes and shortly thereafter, he was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiology at Boston University. During this productive period, the highly sensitive Alexander suffered from intense headaches brought on by stress and overwork, and he would often retreat to his family's Brantford estate to rest in the quiet, peaceful surroundings.
It was in Brantford that Bell's greatest idea was born. While relaxing atop the bluff he referred to as "his dreaming place," Bell allowed himself to brainstorm about a "harmonic telegraph" device he was working on. Alexander figured that if he could make an electric current undulate the same way air does when sound is produced, he could definitely transmit speech telegraphically. This daydream became the basis for the invention of the telephone.
Feeling inspired, Bell returned to Boston and began work on his invention. Always clumsy with his hands, Bell needed an assistant to actualize his idea and he found the perfect match in Thomas Watson, a gifted young electrician and model maker. The two laboured on the project for almost a year until a happy accident occurred on June 2, 1875. While Watson worked to loosen a reed that was wound around an electromagnet, Bell heard a noticeable twang, and realized this effect could be recreated with the human voice.
More tinkering followed and the first - now infamous - spoken words, "Mr. Watson, come here, I need you," were transmitted via telegraph on March 10, 1876. Legend has it Bell was so excited by his success that he promptly spilled battery acid on his clothes. After patenting the invention and staging a demonstration of the telephone at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876, Bell went on to form the Bell Telephone Company in 1877.
Despite this remarkable achievement, Bell maintained he was much prouder of his accomplishments as a teacher of deaf mutes than of the invention of the telephone. Throughout his life, he worked closely with the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to ensure deaf people were not marginalized or excluded from everyday life.
In the same year he established the Bell Telephone Company, Bell married one of his former deaf pupils, Mabel S. Hubbard and the couple soon started a family. While vacationing in Canada, Bell discovered Baddeck, Nova Scotia. It reminded him of places from his childhood in Scotland and he purchased land in Baddeck, building a summer home called Beinn Bhreagh.
The Baddeck estate was a source of inspiration for Bell. Free from financial constraints, he devoted the remainder of his life to inventing, and many of his most inspired creations were developed at Beinn Bhreagh. Though he is best known for the telephone, Bell was responsible for several other key inventions, including a photophone (which transmitted speech via a ray of light); an induction balance used to locate pieces of metal in the human body; a precursor of the iron lung; a wax-recording cylinder (the basis for the phonograph); and a hydrofoil boat, known as the HD-4, that was the fastest boat in the world for many years.
Thirty years after Bell's death on August 2, 1922, the Canadian government constructed the Alexander Graham Bell National Historical Site in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, which currently houses the world's largest collection of Bell artefacts and archives.
Bell once remarked "Leave the beaten track behind occasionally and dive into the woods. Every time you do you will be certain to find something you have never seen before."
Canadians are most grateful he followed his own advice
http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/top_ten/nominee/bell-alexander-graham.html

Visible Speech
Origins
Visible Speech is a writing system invented in 1867 by Alexander Melville Bell, father of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. Melville Bell was a teacher of the deaf and intended his writing system to help deaf students learn spoken language.
Visible Speech was also the first notation system for the sounds of speech independent of a particular language or dialect and was widely used to teaching students how to speak with a "standard" accent.
Visible Speech symbols are intended to provide visual representations of the positions the organs of speech need to be in to articulate individual sounds. Once the underlying principles are understood it is apparently fairly straightforward.
Visible Speech is also known as the Physiological Alphabet.


Visible Speech with IPA equivalents

Visible Speech for English

Sample text in Visible Speech

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/visiblespeech.htm

Alexander Graham Bell and Deafness

Beyond the telephone

Join the Discussion

"What hearing spouse of a deaf woman opposed the idea of deaf people marrying each other?"

ab_deafness

Related Resources

• Other people features

• National Organization: AG Bell Association for the Deaf&HOH

Everyone knows about Alexander Graham Bell and his invention of the telephone. What is not as well known, is his ties to the deaf community. Inventions

The telephone, and other Bell innovations like the microphone, reportedly was developed in part to assist people with hearing loss.

Education

Bell taught deaf students at schools for the deaf (a school in London, Boston School for Deaf Mutes, the Clarke School for the Deaf, and at the American Asylum for the Deaf). He also opened a school for deaf and hearing students together, but the school had to be closed after just two years.

Marriage and Family

Although he married a deaf woman, a former speech pupil, Mabel Hubbard, Bell strongly opposed intermarriage among deaf people. Bell feared "contamination" of the human race by the propagation of deaf people even though most deaf people statistically are born to hearing parents. In addition, Bell's mother was hard of hearing/deaf

. Organizations

In 1880, Bell won the Volta Prize from France for his invention of the telephone, and utilized the winnings to set up the Volta Bureau, a library holding information on deafness. Ten years later, in 1890, Bell set up the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, with the objective of promoting oral communication (which later morphed into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing).

Other

Bell befriended Helen Keller, the deaf-blind woman famous in that era. Another major accomplishment was to conduct the first national census of the deaf, in 1890.

http://www.hearxchange.com/articles.cfm?viewType=eduarticles&contentBuilderID=7421