Panadol.......some questions?

Question

PANADOL
-Where does panadol come from and how is it produced?
- What are its historical origins (what was it initally used for?)

..yep its a project =|

Answer 1

The development of two antipyretic agents: ACETANILIDE (in 1886) & PHENACETIN (in 1887) led to the discovery of PARACETAMOL in later years.

In 1878, Harmon Northrop Morse first synthesized paracetamol via the reduction of P-NITROPHENOL with tin in a glacial ACETIC ACID.In 1893, paracetamol was discovered in the urine of individuals who took PHENACETIN which was concentrated into a bitter tasting white, crystalline compound. In 1899,it was found that PARACETAMOL is a metabolite of acetanilide. Such synthesis and discovery however did not result to production of paracetamol for medical use.

In 1946, Bernard Brodie and Julius Axelrod were assigned to investigate the association of non-aspirin analgesics to the development of methemoglobinemia (a potentially lethal condition that decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood) In 1948, the investigators linked the use of ACETANILIDE with methemoglobinemia and determined that the analgesic effect of acetanilide was due to its active metabolite PARACETAMOL. Since paracetamol was found not having the toxic effects of acetanilide, Brodie and Alexrod advocated the use of paracetamol after such accidental discovery.

Preparative methods of early synthesis have since been described, mostly employing the acetylation of p-aminophenol with acetic anhydride.

Since then, a number of commercial methods of manufacture are in use around the world:
>> phenol is converted to p-nitrosophenol and then reduced and acetylated similar to the process used in early synthesis.
>> early commercial production of paracetamol relied on the nitration of phenol to p-nitrophenol with a reduction step to produce p-aminophenol followed by acetylation with acetic anhydride.
>>simplified process (in the late sixties) using a single step synthesis from nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol had been patented.
>>a new process (mid-eighties) involved interesting chemistry starting from PHENOL using innovative technology via 4-HYDROXYACETOPHENONE followed by a rearrangement to PARACETAMOL.

The PARACETAMOL was first sold in 1955 by McNeil Laboratories as a pain and fever reliever for children, under the brand name Tylenol Children's Elixir. In 1956, Paracetamol 500 mg tablets became available as a prescription medicine in the United Kingdom under the trade name PANADOL, produced by Frederick Stearns. Today it is widely produced by different pharmaceuticals bearing different brand names and in various presentations.

Answer 2

Panadol Wikipedia

Answer 3

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Answer 4

Panadol is paracetamol, or the British name for acetominophen. Just google or look in wikipedia for any of those names and you will find heaps of stuff.

Answer 5

Paracetamol (INN) (IPA: /ˌpærəˈsiːtəmɒl, -ˈsɛtə-/) or acetaminophen (USAN), is the active metabolite of phenacetin, a so-called coal tar analgesic. It is an effective substitute for aspirin, due to its analgesic and antipyretic properties. However, unlike aspirin, it is not a very effective anti-inflammatory agent. It is well tolerated, lacks many of the side effects of aspirin, and is available over-the-counter, so it is commonly used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. Paracetamol is also useful in the management of more severe pain, where it allows lower dosages of additional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioid analgesics to be used, thereby minimizing overall side effects. It is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu medications, including Tylenol and Panadol, among others. It is considered safe for human use at recommended doses, however, acute overdose can cause fatal hepatic damage, and the number of accidental self-poisonings and suicides has grown in recent years.

In ancient and medieval times, known antipyretic agents were compounds contained in white willow bark (a family of chemicals known as salicins, which led to the development of aspirin), and compounds contained in cinchona bark. Cinchona bark was also used to create the anti-malaria drug quinine. Quinine itself also has antipyretic effects. Efforts to refine and isolate salicin and salicylic acid took place throughout the middle- and late-19th century, and was accomplished by Bayer chemist Felix Hoffmann (this was also done by French chemist Charles Frédéric Gerhardt 40 years earlier, but he abandoned the work after deciding it was too impractical).

When the cinchona tree became scarce in the 1880s, people began to look for alternatives. Two alternative antipyretic agents were developed in the 1880s: acetanilide in 1886 and phenacetin in 1887. Harmon Northrop Morse first synthesized paracetamol via the reduction of p-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1878, however, paracetamol was not used medically for another 15 years. In 1893, paracetamol was discovered in the urine of individuals who had taken phenacetin, and was concentrated into a white, crystalline compound with a bitter taste. In 1899, paracetamol was found to be a metabolite of acetanilide. This discovery was largely ignored at the time.

In 1946, the Institute for the Study of Analgesic and Sedative Drugs awarded a grant to the New York City Department of Health to study the problems associated with analgesic agents. Bernard Brodie and Julius Axelrod were assigned to investigate why non-aspirin agents were associated with the development of methemoglobinemia, a condition that decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and is potentially lethal. In 1948, Brodie and Axelrod linked the use of acetanilide with methemoglobinemia and determined that the analgesic effect of acetanilide was due to its active metabolite paracetamol. They advocated the use of paracetamol, since it did not have the toxic effects of acetanilide.

The product was first sold in 1955 by McNeil Laboratories as a pain and fever reliever for children, under the brand name Tylenol Children's Elixir.

In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. Panadol was originally available only by prescription, for the relief of pain and fever, and was advertised as being "gentle to the stomach," since other analgesic agents of the time contained aspirin, a known stomach irritant. In June 1958 a children's formulation, Panadol Elixir, was released.

In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents.

The U.S. patent on paracetamol has long expired and generic versions of the drug are widely available under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, although certain Tylenol preparations are protected until 2007. U.S. patent 6,126,967 filed September 3, 1998 was granted for "Extended release acetaminophen particles."

Happy pl0x... we wrote the whole history for you ^0^