See marked section. Ra and Osiris might be the easiest since they seem to have the broadest appeal. Following is a selection from a software encyclopedia. The encyclopedia entry, (Egypt, Land of) this is selected from is 107 pages, so that should give you an idea of the information I have at my fingertips.
The gods of the Egyptians. Fundamentally, Egyp. religion was very local in its practice and horizons. The Egyptians in each district tended to worship principally their particular local deities rather than some greater figure of national or cosmic scope. As was commonly the case in ancient paganism, the gods of Egypt were in large measure the personifications of the powers of nature (e.g., fertility), and of natural phenomena (e.g., the Nile) and their supposed attributes (e.g., of falcon gods, bull gods, etc.). Some were cosmic (sun god), and some were the embodiments of certain concepts (e.g., Maat, goddess of “truth” and right order).
Insofar as various animals, plants, etc. were respected as symbols of natural powers and of mysterious forces, these in turn were considered as manifestations of the deities concerned, even as vehicles of their presence—a role that came to be shared by statues and other images, and by sacred animals (like the Apis bull of Ptah at Memphis, for example). This affected the representations of Egyp. gods in art. As early as the Old Kingdom, the gods came to be conceived in basically human form. Some, like Ptah or Osiris, were shown commonly in entirely human form. Others, by a kind of iconographic shorthand, appeared in human form, except for their heads which are shown as the characteristic heads of the animals connected with particular deities concerned. Anubis appears with the head of a jackal, Sobk with that of a crocodile, Horus and Ra commonly with that of a falcon, Thoth with that of an ibis, etc. Sometimes, they might appear in more than one form: Amun of Thebes was generally in purely human guise, but could have a ram’s head.
Among local gods, Amun of Thebes represented the hidden powers of nature, and his close relative Min of Coptos embodied virility and fertility, esp. human and animal. At Memphis, Ptah was the artificer, patron of craftsmen, the Egyp. Vulcan, while the falcon headed Sokar was a local god of the dead and of new life (soon identified with Osiris). In Middle Egypt, Thoth was a god of wisdom and letters, and linked with moon worship. Further S, Hathor of Dendera was a goddess of love. The goddesses Bast of Bubastis and Sekhmet at Memphis respectively represented beneficent powers and the menace of pestilence among other things.
=====> Among gods who had a far reaching impact, beyond merely local appeal, Ra and Osiris were by far the most important. Ra the sun-god (q.v.) had his main cult center at Heliopolis (On). He early became closely associated with the kingship, reaching theological dominance in the state in the 4th and 5th dynasties (see PYRAMID), outrivaling Ptah of Memphis, the administrative capital. His cult also affected the forms of Egyp. temple cult generally. His impact on the monarchy is indicated by the title “Son of Ra” adopted by nearly every pharaoh from the 5th dynasty to the Rom. period, some 3,000 years in all. In the 18th dynasty, Akhenaten endeavored to make a special form of sun worship the sole religion of Egypt. Ra also affected life in the hereafter—the dead could sail over the heavens by day with him in his sacred boat, and also by night through the nether world, rising daily with him on the eastern horizon. During the Old Kingdom, the rise to prominence of Osiris provided an alternative afterlife, and in later days (by the New Kingdom), there was even a theological construction of Ra and Osiris as the risen sun by day and the night sun preceding rebirth, respectively.
The worship of Osiris perhaps came nearest to a universal religion in all Egypt, prior to the impact of Christianity...
Finally, Pharaoh himself must be reckoned among the gods. He was their representative on earth, and among the Egyptians a man who moved in the world of the gods. The living king counted as Horus, and the dead ruler(s) as Osiris; a new king received an unchallengable right of succession at least partly by virtue of giving proper burial to his predecessor in filial fashion as did Horus for Osiris (see PHARAOH).
Part of Bibliography:-- These are books dealing with their religion you might be able to find.
H. Religion. J. Cerny, Ancient Egyptian Religion (1952), and H. Frankfort, Ancient Egyptian Religion (1951) are handy outlines. Fuller and well documented are: J. Vandier, La Religion Égyptienne (1949); H. Kees, Der Götterglaube im Alten Ägypten 2 (1956), and Totenglauben und Jenseitsvorstellungen der alten Ägypter 2 (1956); S. Morenz, Ägyptische Religion (1962), and Gott und Mensch im alten Ägypten (1964); H. Bonnet, Reallexikon der ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte (1952) is invaluable; for early periods (e.g., Pyr. Texts), cf. J. H. Breasted, Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt (1912, repr. 1959). On priests, cf. S. Sauneron, The Priests of Ancient Egypt (1960); H. Kees, Das Priestertum im Ägyptischen Staat (1953-1958), and Die Hohenpriester des, Amun von Karnak von Herihor bis zum Ende der Äthiopenzeit (1964), completing G. Lefebvre, Histoire des Grands Prêtres d’Amon de Karnak (1929); On Egyp. temple cult, cf. H. W. Fairman, “Worship and Festivals in an Egyptian Temple” (Edfu), repr. from BJRL, XXXVII (1954), 165-203; Festivals, cf. S. Schott Altägyptische Festdaten (1950), and C. J. Bleeker, Egyptian Festivals (1967).
--Article is by K. A. Kitchen
2007-09-01 06:50:25
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answer #10
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answered by Anonymous
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