Unrelated answer i know but I find your comment interesting because we have native Aborigines in Australia and they claim to have been here for more than forty thousand years but I saw a report which claimed their DNA proved they came from India and they had not been here for very long.
Sorry back to your question . I guess Mr Smith never imagined DNA evidence went he was making his own bible up
2007-08-25 16:28:39
·
answer #1
·
answered by pestie58 the spider hunter 6
·
2⤊
3⤋
Your statement is scientifically unfounded.
1. Was there a unique, Middle Eastern genetic signature in the source population? In order for the colonizers to carry a Middle Eastern genetic signature with them, that signature needed to first exist in the source population. It is possible that the Middle Eastern population may not have had a single genetic signature that would allow one to unambiguously identify an individual as being from the Middle East and from no other human population. This is an important consideration because there are many cultural and racial groups today for which there are no discrete markers unambiguously identifying an individual as a member of that group. Moreover, typically the larger the population and the greater that population tends to migrate, the smaller the probability that a unique, discrete genetic marker exists for that group.
2. Were genetic variants present in the colonizers? In order to perform your study, you would need to present evidence that each of the colonizing groups possessed the unique and defining Middle Eastern traits and did not possess any genetic variants that were atypical of this Middle Eastern genetic heritage.
3. How do you know that small founder size does not confound your results? The Book of Mormon makes clear that each colonization event involved a very small number of founders. Such small population sizes would have had profound effects on how the genetic markers changed over time. In fact, moving a few individuals of any species from one population to a new locality can have such a profound effect on the underlying genetic profile that it is considered to be a major mechanism in the formation of new species. This is called founder effect, which is caused by undersampling genes from a much larger population of genes and is closely tied to the concept of genetic drift (described below). In other words, founder effect describes the evolutionary process that results in the colonizing population having a gene pool that is not likely to reflect the gene pool of the original source population.
4. What are the effects of genetic drift? Genetic drift is the well-established evolutionary principle that in small populations random sampling biases will cause certain genetic markers to disappear and other markers to become widespread in the population just by chance. As an example, suppose you go to the grocery store to purchase a container of 1,000 jelly beans in 10 flavors. When you bring the jelly beans home, you determine that each of the 10 flavors is present in equal frequency; that is, you have as many tangerine-flavored jelly beans as you have lime-flavored jelly beans. Now from that container of 1,000 jelly beans, randomly sample 100 jelly beans and place them in a new container. If you count the jelly beans in the new container, you will realize that the frequency has changed; some flavors happened to be selected 11 or 12 times, some were sampled only 3 or 4 times, and some might not be sampled at all. Now instead of sampling 100 jelly beans, this time sample 30 from your original container. You would find that the frequency of flavors is more greatly skewed with the smaller sample size and that you have lost more flavors. As you reduce your sample size, you increase the probability that the frequency of jelly beans in the new sample will be all the more different from the original population. If each flavor represents a unique genetic heritage, this means that he sampling of genes from one generation to the next can cause certain genetic markers to go extinct and others to be present in higher frequency due entirely to random sampling. When the colonizers left the Middle East, they brought with them only a sample of the genetic heritage of that population that may not have accurately represented the markers present in the whole population; and when they arrived in the New World, the frequency of those genetic markers was likely to continue to change as the population was established.
5. What were the effects of the colonizers' arriving to a locality that was not a complete genetic island (i.e., other humans were present and could contribute to the gene pool)? If there were other inhabitants already present on the American continent when the colonizers arrived, then it becomes extremely difficult to distinguish whether the genetic signature a descendant carries is due to its being carried by the original colonizers or due to gene flow from the other, original inhabitants. This is especially problematic if the colonizing population is small and the native population is large once gene flow commences, since it will speed up the swamping-out effect of the colonizers' genetic markers with those of the native inhabitants. John L. Sorenson, among others, has presented evidence suggesting that the colonizers were not alone when they reached the Americas; and as I read the Book of Mormon, I can find no barriers to gene flow between the native population and those who formed the Lamanite lineage. Note that this could have occurred early in the colonization process or later as the Nephite and Lamanite nations flourished, but the swamping-out effect would be very similar in either case.
6. What were the effects of gene flow after the Book of Mormon ends? Certainly there was gene flow from the time when the Book of Mormon record closes to when DNA samples are obtained in the present day. It is preposterous to suppose that there has been complete genetic isolation in the Lamanite lineage during this time period. As the designer of the scientific experiment, you would need to account for the effects of gene flow in this undocumented time period and provide a justification for why it did not contaminate the genetic signature of the Lamanite lineage. Simply speaking, that genetic signature, if one existed, could be obliterated by gene flow from outside groups.
7. How do you account for the difficulties associated with a small population range? The local colonization hypothesis suggests that the geography of the Book of Mormon was quite limited in scope and that the Lamanite lineage did not populate the whole North and South American continent.5 This implies that you cannot just sample anywhere in North or South America, but that you need to have some basis for deciding where you are going to sample and why it is likely that you will find pure genetic descendants of the Lamanite lineage in that specific location.
8. Who are the extant genetic descendants of the Lamanite lineage? If you are treating your research as a scientific test of the local colonization hypothesis, you need to identify who these Lamanite descendants are before you put them to the genetic test. When we go out to sample "Lamanite DNA," whom do we sample to get that DNA? There is no statement within the text of the Book of Mormon identifying who these descendants might be, though later commentators and church leaders have associated them with the Native Americans and/or inhabitants of South and Central America. The introduction to the Book of Mormon states that the Lamanites were the "principal ancestors of the American Indians," but this, again, is commentary not present in the original text and was based on the best knowledge of the time.
9. How do you identify unambiguously the Middle Eastern population that contains the ancestral genetic signature that you will use for comparison? Just as the genetic signature of the colonizers may have changed over time, the genetic signature of the Middle Eastern source population may have changed as well, making it unclear just whom we should sample to find that ancestral Middle Eastern genetic marker. We know that the Middle East has been the crossroads of civilization for many millennia and that many events affecting entire populations have occurred there since 600 BC, such as the large-scale captivity of groups and the influence of other people moving within and through the area. All of these factors complicate the identification of a discrete genetic profile characterizing the original Middle Eastern source population.
10. Has natural selection changed the genetic signature? One assumption in performing molecular phylogenetic analyses is that the genetic markers under study are not subject to the effects of natural selection. For instance, if a particular genetic marker is closely linked to a genetic disease that reduced fitness (the number of offspring that survive to reproduce) in a population, then, over time, selection would tend to eliminate that genetic marker from the population and the phylogenetic information associated with that marker may be misleading. Likewise, a genetic marker linked to a favorable trait may become the dominant marker in the population through the results of natural selection, and the marker would then be of limited phylogenetic utility.
2007-08-26 00:06:47
·
answer #8
·
answered by Someone who cares 7
·
1⤊
1⤋