What is the symbol of Fascism which started in Italy?

Question

Some sites on searching for symbols of fascism gives result such as a Phoenix, swastika,a skull,something abt. blackshirts. What r these actully?I need to know the connection between a swastika and Fascism. Thanks!!

Does any one out here have Hitler's and mussolini's speech and translated version of the speech in English??? I kind of need it since I'm working on a project.Thanks!!!

Answer 1

The traditional Roman "fasces", in Ancient Rome the symbol for the authority of a magistrate.

"The traditional Roman fasces consisted of a bundle of birch rods tied together with a red ribbon as a cylinder around an axe. One interpretation of the symbolism suggests that despite the fragility of each independent single rod, as a bundle they exhibit strength."

"In the 1920s, Italian Fascism, adapting aesthetic elements of ancient Rome, attempted to portray itself as a revival of its Roman imperial past by adopting the fasces for its symbol, as an emblem of the increased strength of the individual fascis when bound into the entire bundle."

"Fasces" : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces

"The term fascismo was first coined by the Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini. It is derived from the Italian word "fascio", which means "union" or "league", and from the Latin word "fasces". The fasces, which consisted of a bundle of rods tied around an axe, were an ancient Roman symbol of the authority of the civic magistrates, and the symbolism of the fasces suggested strength through unity: a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is very difficult to break."

"Fascism : The term 'fascism' " : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism#The_term_.27fascism.27

Answer 2

Fascism Symbol

Answer 3

The swastika, a sacred symbol of Hinduism, is actually more typically a symbol of nazism, which is a predominantly German variation of fascism (together with some other elements). Hitler chose a swastika turned 45 degrees as a symbol of his movement mainly because of its Indian origin. In nazist racial theory the Nordic peoples of Western Europe were descended from the fairskinned Aryan people of India.

The name fascism derives from the symbol used by Italian fascism: the fasces. This is a symbol of ancient Roman (or even Etruscan) origin. A fasces is a bundle of wooden twigs tied around an axe in a cylindrical shape. It was carried around by civil servants (called lictors) who accompanied a high officer (like a consul) of the Roman republic or empire when they appeared in public ceremonies. Since then it has become a symbol of power and justice (probably because lictors were also assigned to judges), and was adopted by Mussolini for that reason.

Answer 4

For the best answers, search on this site https://shorturl.im/avUH7

The Fasces - an ax surrounded by sticks - coming from the old Roman tradition - was a symbol of force, power, authority. (We also had it on the back of our dime in the US - the liberty dime). And probably the Italians were feeling quite a lack of power and authority. They hadn't had a unified country very long - so they probably had a sort of 'inferiority complex' going on. So they opted for an authoritarian sort of government with a dictator who made the laws - the laws were rubber stamped by his cabinet. The individual in a fascist system is much less important than the state. The state - the authority - is the real value. So all things are sacrificed for the good of the state. And for some reason, these governments are formed to start wars. It's hard to imagine the Italian Fascists having formed a government without starting a war - or Hitler either. These governments seem bent on war from their birth.

Answer 5

This Site Might Help You.

RE:
What is the symbol of Fascism which started in Italy?
Some sites on searching for symbols of fascism gives result such as a Phoenix, swastika,a skull,something abt. blackshirts. What r these actully?I need to know the connection between a swastika and Fascism. Thanks!!

Answer 6

Benito Mussolini Symbol

Answer 7

It is the "Fascist". Go to this link and see the symbol's name and picture:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_symbolism

Answer 8

The very root word for Fascism is Fasces which is a bundle of sticks with an axe head, this is the sybol that the Italians are identified with. The Swastika has existed in many cultures for many thousands of years. In Germany & Austria it was associated with the Germanic Warriors celebrated in the works of Wagner. Hitler adored the Swastika and adopted it for his cult.

As for Blackshirts - - - Benito Mussolini was Pudgy and chose Black to hide the fact (didn't work - he was fat), using the excuse that Black was Bold & Authorative much like the black garb of the Priests (and yes that angered the Church).

The Nazi's were uniform crazy but short of funds, when a large shipment of tropical brown shirts & pants were to be had at a cheap price the Nazi's bought them and despite many arguments against the 'doo doo brown' shirts, Hitler kept the look, it sort of worked for his brown hair and blue eyes. Himmler never liked the brown uniform and gave the Gestapo snazzy all black garb.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_symbolism
"""Italian origins

The fasces was the premier symbol of Italian fascismThe symbol of fascism, in its original Italian incarnation under Benito Mussolini, and which gave fascism its name, was the fasces. This is an ancient Roman symbol of power carried by lictors in front of magistrates: a bundle of sticks, which included an axe indicating the power over life and death.

Until the adaptation of the fasces by the Italian fascists it had in modern times been a symbol used by Italian left-wing groups called Fascio as a symbol of strength through unity. However, the adoption of the fasces by the Italian fascists has not completly tainted the symbol by association and the symbol appears on, among other things, the seal of the United States Senate, the coat of arms of France and the wall of the debating chamber of the United States House of Representatives.


[edit] Nazi Germany

The swastika was the main symbol of Nazism and remains strongly associated with it in the Western worldThe nature of German fascism, as encapsulated in Nazism, was also Roman influenced but more racist and Germanic pagan in nature. Its symbol was the swastika, at the time a popular and commonly seen symbol in Europe that had experienced a revival in the early 20th century. A symmetrically eye-catching symbol streamlined for stamp and military use, it was seen as the purported symbol of the Aryan civilization of which Germany was to be the highest incarnation.

As the Italians Fascists adapted elements of their ethnic heritage to fuel a sense of nationalism by use of symbolism, so did Nazi Germany. Turn of the century German mystic and author Guido von List was a big influence on Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, who introduced various ancient Germanic symbols (filtered through von List's writings) most thoroughly into the Schutzstaffel, including the stylized double Sig Rune (von List's then-contemporary Armenan rune version of the ancient sowilo rune) for the organization itself.

Other historical symbols that were already in use by the German Army to varying degrees prior to the Nazi Germany, such as the wolfsangel and totenkopf, were also used in a new, more industrialized manner on uniforms and insignia.

Although the swastika was a popular symbol in art prior to the regimental use by Nazi Germany and has a long heritage in many other cultures throughout history and although many of the symbols used by the Nazis were ancient or commonly used prior to the advent of Nazi Germany, because of association with Nazi use, the swastika is often considered synonymous with Nazism and some of the other symbols still carry a negative post-World War II stigma in some Western countries, to the point where some of the symbols are banned from display altogether.

Many other fascist movements did not win power or were relatively minor regimes in comparison and their symbolism is not well-remembered today in many parts of the world.

The chief symbol of Sir Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists was the Flash and Circle adopted in 1936, which represented the "flash of action" within the "circle of unity" that symbolized the all-important British State (which is also used by the People's Action Party of Singapore). The BUF previously used the image of a gold fasces superimposed on a red circle, located centrally on a blue background. The emblem was also disparagingly referred to as "The Flash In The Pan", particularly by opponents of Mosley.
A prominent symbol of the Greek 4th of August Regime was the Labrys/Pelekys, the double-headed axe which Ioannis Metaxas thought to be the oldest symbol of all Hellenic civilizations.
The symbol of Hungary's fascistic Nyilaskeresztes Párt (Arrow Cross Party) was, naturally, the Arrow Cross.
The symbol of the Norwegian Nasjonal Samling was as golden/yellow sun cross on red background.
The symbol of Salazar's Portuguese Estado Novo regime was a stylized version of the Armillary sphere and shield found on the national flag; its rivals in the Movimento Nacional-Sindicalista used the Order of Christ Cross.
The symbol of the Romanian Iron Guard was a triple cross (a variant of the triple parted and fretted) - three parallel verticals intersected with three parallel horizontals, usually in black; it was meant to represent prison bars, as a badge of martyrdom. It was sometimes deemed the Archangel Michael Cross, after the patron saint of the movement.
The symbol of the Spanish Falange was the yoke and the arrows, which were also the symbols of the Reyes Catolicos. Each Arrow represents one of the 5 early kingdoms of Spain.

[edit] Modern use

[edit] Neo-Nazi use
While some Neo-Nazi organizations continue to use the swastika, most have usually tried to shy away from such inflammatory symbols of early fascism, using substitutes that are nevertheless sometimes reminiscent of the swastika and other cultural or ancestral symbols that may evoke Nationalistic sentiment but are not necessarily racist in origin.

crosses:
Celtic cross – David Duke's website;
cross crosslet – e.g., Lithuanian National Socialist Party
sun cross – e.g., Nordiska Rikspartiet (Nordic People's Party), Sweden
cogwheel – Magyar Népjóléti Szövetség (Hungarian Welfare Association)
runes:
the Algiz rune ᛉ – e.g., Allgermanische Heidnische Front (All-Germanic Heathens' Front)
the Odal rune ᛟ
the Sigel ("Sig") rune ᛋ, especially on the Schutzstaffel badge, sometimes confused or used interchangeably with Eihwaz.
the Tyr rune ᛏ was the badge of the SA Reichsführerschulen in Nazi Germany
Orkhon script letters - used by followers of Nihal Atsiz, e.g., Türkçü Toplumcu Budun Derneği
swastika – e.g., American Nazi Party; São Paulo Skinheads, Brazil; Nationalsocialistisk Front (National Socialist Front), Sweden
"bladed swastika" – Российское Национальное Единство (National Unity of Russia)
a triskelion-like symbol composed of three 7s – Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement), Republic of South Africa
the "Wolfsangel" symbol, used by the SS and Hitlerjugend, as well as various Neo-Nazi groups
the "Meandros" symbol, also called "Greek swastika", is the emblem of the Greek neo-nazi party Hrisi Avgi
the "Labrys" (or "Pelekys") symbol, the Minoic double-headed axe, is sometimes used by some fascist Greek nostalgics. """

Answer 9

The Roman Salute on Film

The raised-arm salute is one of the best-known symbols of Fascism, supposedly based on a classical Roman custom. But no Roman work of art displays this salute, nor does any Roman text describe it.
Professor Winkler's article begins strongly, and with only one big problem foreshadowed and that is Winkler's hackeneyed use of the term "Fascism" which shows Winkler's fixation and it might explain why Winkler was unable to make the discoveries that were made by Dr. Rex Curry. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-lawyer.html There appears to be no example on the internet of Winkler ever using the actual correct name of the "National Socialist German Workers' Party." If he had, his research might have also led him to national socialists in the USA who promoted the straight arm salute as part of the early pledge of allegiance (to the USA's flag) going back as far as 1892, before the salute was used by German national socialists.


Well before Fascism, the salute frequently occurs in films set in antiquity, such as the American Ben-Hur (1907) or the Italian Nerone (1908), although such films do not yet standardize it or make it exclusively Roman. In Spartaco (1914), even Spartacus uses it. In imitation of such historical films, self-styled “Consul” Gabriele D’Annunzio appropriated the salute in its now familiar form as a propaganda tool for his political aspirations upon his occupation of Fiume in 1919. Earlier, D’Annunzio had been closely involved in Giovanni Pastrone’s colossal epic Cabiria (1914), in which variations of the salute occur several times. Notable other examples of the salute, by now a standard part of ancient iconography in the cinema, appear in Ben-Hur (1925) and in Cecil B. DeMille’s Sign of the Cross (1932) and Cleopatra (1934), although the execution of the gesture is still variable.
It is unfortunate that Winkler leads his second paragraph with the term "Fascism," reinforcing the point made in the analytical paragraph of criticism above. Winkler is implying a link to Benito Mussolini. Mussolini worked with D'Annunzio and Mussolini was aware of the 1914 film Cabiria which used variations of the straight-arm salute. But Winkler did not seem to be aware that the use of the salute in the USA's pledge pre-dated the 1914 film.

Mussolini was also aware of D'Annunzio's Charter of Carnaro for his Regency of Carnaro in the city of Fiume. Yet Winkler's "fascism" fixation prevents Winkler from realizing that from 1914 to 1919 (and before) Mussolini was a self-described socialist, a well-known socialist leader who was respected among socialists at that time (that time when he found the socialist salute). Between 1912 and 1914, Mussolini was the editor of the Socialist Party newspaper, "L'Avanti." In 1914 he started his own socialist newspaper "Il Popolo d'Italia" ("The people of Italy"). He was a staunch proponent of revolutionary rather than reformist socialism, and actually received Lenin's endorsement and support for expelling reformists from the Socialist Party. He was first dubbed "Il Duce" (the Leader) when he was a member of Italy's (Marxist) Socialist Party. Later, Mussolini adopted a new label for his tired old socialist dogma. The new label worked and from 1922 to 1945 (23 years) Mussolini ruled Italy.


The salute was supposed to have been used in the Roman republic, but there is no clear evidence of this. Indeed it is not known whether salutes in the military sense existed at all in Roman culture. However, a number of images showing similar gestures exist from the Imperial era. These depict Roman leaders addressing their troops ("adlocutio" scenes). Usually the leader has his arm raised in a rhetorical gesture. In some images a few troops are also depicted with raised arms, possibly suggesting acclamation of the leader. Several such scenes appear on Trajan's column.
Winkler states that the is no clear evidence that the salute was ever used in the Roman Republic. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html Different parts of Roman history are mentioned (the Roman Archaic Period was a Devlopmental Era 1000 BC- 509 BC; the Roman Republic Era is considered the True Character of Rome 509 BC - 27BC; the Roman Imperial Era was an Expansive changing era and includes the Pax Romana 27 BC - 476 AD). He states that images that might be mistaken for a type of salute are actually images of leaders gesturing during speeches and sometimes listeners pointing or gesturing in response. They are not salutes and were not called salutes.


Of particular importance for the visual record are two films by Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935) and Olympia (1938). As is to be expected, the former regularly features the salute; the latter shows Hitler, German spectators and officials in Berlin’s Olympic stadium, and several victorious German and Italian athletes giving it. So do a number of athletic teams entering the stadium. In Italy, Carmine Gallone’s Scipione l’Africano (1937) uses the raised-arm salute as one of its chief visual means to turn Mussolini into a new Scipio.

After the fall of Fascism, Hollywood made the Roman Empire familiar to filmgoers by presenting it as a precursor of recent enemy empires. A case in point is Mervyn LeRoy’s Quo Vadis (1951), whose triumph sequence is modeled on Triumph of the Will, replete with the Fascist salute. In his 1959 remake of Ben-Hur, William Wyler, a Jewish émigré from Germany and a committed anti-Fascist, also shows a totalitarian Roman Empire but takes care to have his actors de-emphasize the all-too-obvious.

With the 1960s, the visual iconography of Roman films begins to change. Stanley Kubrick’s Spartacus (1960) has less use for the raised-arm salute than did its precursors. Anthony Mann’s The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), the only epic film that attempts to do justice to the greatness of Rome, shows a triumphant Commodus greeting the Roman people with a variation on the raised-arm salute from which obvious Fascist overtones are gone. When a new Commodus triumphantly enters Rome in Ridley Scott’s Gladiator (2000), the salute no longer occurs.
Winkler states "Of particular importance for the visual record are two films by Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935) and Olympia (1938)." He would do well to note that the visual record in those films never shows the word "fascist," nor does the audio record once state the word "fascist," and that the word "socialist" occurs throughout, such as in Trumph of the Will, where the speakers promote "socialism" by the very word ad nauseum. Winklers inability to make such observations denied him the discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry.

Dr. Curry discovered why the 1936 Olympic gold medalist Jesse Owens (featured in the 1938 film Olympia) gave the military salute from his victory stand. Winkler seems unaware that the military salute was not the standard salute for civilians in the USA, and that the "civilian salute" was the pledge of allegiance salute which merely began with a military salute and then stretched outward to the flag into the straight-arm salute. Mr. Owens did not want to do the entire USA salute because he did not want it misinterpreted as a salute to the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. http://rexcurry.net/bookchapter1a1c1.html

Dr. Curry also discovered the almost universally forgotten "Olympic salute" of which Winkler seems to be unaware. The Olympic salute was also the straight-arm salute and it also originated from the USA's pledge of allegiance. Winkler is unaware that one of the reasons why so many of the athletes appear to be performing the salute of the National Socialist German Workers' Party in the Olympia film is because they are performing the "official Olympic salute." The Olympic salute fell out of favor for the same reason as did the early pledge of allegiance salute.

Winkler concludes his piece by even more repetitions of the term "Fascist" as if to emphasize why he overlooked the discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry.

Finally, Winkler explains how modern films with fictional Roman scenes are no longer showing the salute, as if to indicate that everyone is wising up to the fact that it was not an ancient Roman salute.


These are the historical discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry:

1. Dr. Rex Curry showed that the USA's early Pledge of Allegiance (to the flag) used a straight-arm salute and it was the origin of the salute of the monstrous National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis). Dr. Curry helped to establish that it was not an ancient Roman salute, and that the "ancient Roman salute" is a myth. http://rexcurry.net/pledgesalute.html The myth is still repeated in modern efforts to cover-up Dr. Curry's discoveries about the Pledge's poisonous pedigree.

2. The original Pledge began with a military salute that then stretched out toward the flag. Historic photographs are at http://rexcurry.net/pledge2.html and at http://rexcurry.net/pledge_military.html In actual use, the second part of the gesture was performed with a straight arm and palm down by children extending the military salute while perfunctorily performing the forced ritual chanting. Professor Curry showed that, due to the way that both gestures were used sequentially in the pledge, the military salute led to the Nazi salute. The Nazi salute is an extended military salute via the pledge. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html

3. Francis Bellamy (author of the "Pledge of Allegiance") and Edward Bellamy (author of the novel "Looking Backward") and Charles Bellamy (author of "A Moment of Madness") and Frederick Bellamy (who introduced Edward to socialistic "Fourierism") were socialists. Edward, Charles and Frederick were brothers, and Francis was their cousin. Francis and Edward were both self-proclaimed National Socialists and they supported the "Nationalism" movement in the USA, the "Nationalist" magazine, and the "Nationalist Educational Association." They wanted all of society to ape the military and they touted "military socialism" and the "industrial army." Edward’s book was an international bestseller, translated into every major language (including German) and he inspired the "Nationalist Party" (in the USA) and their dogma influenced socialists worldwide (including Germany) via “Nationalist Clubs.” http://rexcurry.net/bellamy-edward-german-connections.html The Pledge was the origin of the Nazi salute. "Nazi" means "National Socialist German Workers' Party." A mnemonic device is the swastika. Although the swastika was an ancient symbol, Professor Curry discovered that it was also used sometimes by German National Socialists to represent "S" letters for their "socialism." Curry changed the way that people view the symbol of the horrid National Socialist German Workers' Party. Hitler altered his own signature to use the same stylized "S" letter for "socialist" and similar alphabetic symbolism still shows on Volkswagens. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html


Many Bellamy policies were followed in the USA and still are followed in the USA and they helped to cause the USA’s big, expensive and oppressive government.

The government in the USA and the government schools hide those facts from people in the USA and from people in other countries.






Dr. Rex Curry is the victor over Dr. Martin Winkler of George Mason University in a debate challenge. http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-martin-winkler.html The debate topic was the origin of the "Roman Salute" myth, and the spread of the socialist gesture / symbol. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-professor-martin-winkler.html Professor Winkler did not dispute Dr. Curry's work.

As the nation's leading authority on the pledge of allegiance and on the "Roman Salute," Dr. Curry made the historic discovery that the salute of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis) originated from the military salute in the USA, and from the original flag pledge (as written by a socialist), and not from ancient Rome. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-lawyer.html

Professor Winkler had previously written a piece in the American Philological Association (APA) and it supports Dr. Curry's work. That article is analyzed below and at http://rexcurry.net/roman-salute-martin-winkler.html (at the url Professor Winkler's article appears in a left column and the analysis appears in a right column for comparison purposes).

Professor Winkler's article begins strongly, and with only one big problem foreshadowed and that is Winkler's hackeneyed use of the term "Fascism" which shows Winkler's fixation and it might explain why Winkler was unable to make the discoveries that were made by Dr. Rex Curry. http://rexcurry.net/pledge-lawyer.html There appears to be no example on the internet of Winkler ever using the actual correct name of the "National Socialist German Workers' Party." If he had, his research might have also led him to national socialists in the USA who promoted the straight arm salute as part of the early pledge of allegiance (to the USA's flag) going back as far as 1892, before the salute was used by German national socialists.

It is unfortunate that Winkler leads his second paragraph with the term "Fascism," reinforcing the point made in the analytical paragraph of criticism above. Winkler is implying a link to Benito Mussolini. Mussolini worked with D'Annunzio and Mussolini was aware of the 1914 film Cabiria which used variations of the straight-arm salute. But Winkler did not seem to be aware that the use of the salute in the USA's pledge pre-dated the 1914 film.

Mussolini was also aware of D'Annunzio's Charter of Carnaro for his Regency of Carnaro in the city of Fiume. Yet Winkler's "fascism" fixation prevents Winkler from realizing that from 1914 to 1919 (and before) Mussolini was a self-described socialist, a well-known socialist leader who was respected among socialists at that time (that time when he found his socialist salute). Between 1912 and 1914, Mussolini was the editor of the Socialist Party newspaper, "L'Avanti." In 1914 he started his own socialist newspaper "Il Popolo d'Italia" ("The people of Italy"). He was a staunch proponent of revolutionary rather than reformist socialism, and actually received Lenin's endorsement and support for expelling reformists from the Socialist Party. He was in fact first dubbed "Il Duce" (the Leader) when he was a member of Italy's (Marxist) Socialist Party. Later, Mussolini adopted a new label for his tired old socialist dogma. The new label worked and from 1922 to 1945 (23 years) Mussolini ruled Italy.

Winkler states that the is no clear evidence that the salute was ever used in the Roman Republic. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html Different parts of Roman history are mentioned (the Roman Archaic Period was a Devlopmental Era 1000 BC- 509 BC; the Roman Republic Era is considered the True Character of Rome 509 BC - 27BC; the Roman Imperial Era was an Expansive changing era and includes the Pax Romana 27 BC - 476 AD). He states that images that might be mistaken for a type of salute are actually images of leaders gesturing during speeches and sometimes listeners pointing or gesturing in response. They are not salutes and were not called salutes.

Winkler states "Of particular importance for the visual record are two films by Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935) and Olympia (1938)." He would do well to note that the visual record in those films never shows the word "fascist," nor does the audio record once state the word "fascist," and that the word "socialist" occurs throughout, with the characters extolling "socialism" by the very word ad nauseum. Winklers inability to make such observations denied him the discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry.

Dr. Curry discovered why the 1936 Olympic gold medalist Jesse Owens (featured in the 1938 film Olympia) gave the military salute from his victory stand. Winkler seems unaware that the military salute was not the standard salute for civilians, and that the "civilian salute" was the pledge of allegiance salute which merely began with a military salute and then stretched outward to the flag into the straight-arm salute. Mr. Owens did not want to do the rest of the USA salute because he did not want it to be misinterpreted as a salute to the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. http://rexcurry.net/bookchapter1a1c1.html

Dr. Curry also discovered the almost universally forgotten "Olympic salute" of which Winkler seems to be unaware. The Olympic salute was also the straight-arm salute and it also originated from the USA's pledge of allegiance. Winkler is unaware that one of the reasons why so many of the athletes appear to be performing the salute of the National Socialist German Workers' Party in the Olympia film is because they are performing the "official Olympic salute." The Olympic salute fell out of favor for the same reason as did the early pledge of allegiance salute.

Winkler concludes his piece by even more repetitions of the term "Fascist" as if to emphasize why he overlooked the discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry.

Finally, Winkler explains how modern films with fictional Roman scenes are no longer showing the salute, as if to indicate that everyone is wising up to the fact that it was not an ancient Roman salute.

These are the historical discoveries made by Dr. Rex Curry:

1. Dr. Rex Curry showed that the USA's early Pledge of Allegiance (to the flag) used a straight-arm salute and it was the origin of the salute of the monstrous National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazis). Dr. Curry helped to establish that it was not an ancient Roman salute, and that the "ancient Roman salute" is a myth. http://rexcurry.net/pledgesalute.html The myth is still repeated in modern efforts to cover-up Dr. Curry's discoveries about the Pledge's poisonous pedigree.

2. The original Pledge began with a military salute that then stretched out toward the flag. Historic photographs are at http://rexcurry.net/pledge2.html and at http://rexcurry.net/pledge_military.html In actual use, the second part of the gesture was performed with a straight arm and palm down by children extending the military salute while perfunctorily performing the forced ritual chanting. Professor Curry showed that, due to the way that both gestures were used sequentially in the pledge, the military salute led to the Nazi salute. The Nazi salute is an extended military salute via the pledge. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-pledge.html

3. Francis Bellamy (author of the "Pledge of Allegiance") and Edward Bellamy (author of the novel "Looking Backward") and Charles Bellamy (author of "A Moment of Madness") and Frederick Bellamy (who introduced Edward to socialistic "Fourierism") were socialists. Edward, Charles and Frederick were brothers, and Francis was their cousin. Francis and Edward were both self-proclaimed National Socialists and they supported the "Nationalism" movement in the USA, the "Nationalist" magazine, and the "Nationalist Educational Association." They wanted all of society to ape the military and they touted "military socialism" and the "industrial army." Edward’s book was an international bestseller, translated into every major language (including German) and he inspired the "Nationalist Party" (in the USA) and their dogma influenced socialists worldwide (including Germany) via “Nationalist Clubs.” http://rexcurry.net/bellamy-edward-german-connections.html The Pledge was the origin of the Nazi salute. "Nazi" means "National Socialist German Workers' Party." A mnemonic device is the swastika. Although the swastika was an ancient symbol, Professor Curry discovered that it was also used sometimes by German National Socialists to represent "S" letters for their "socialism." Curry changed the way that people view the symbol of the horrid National Socialist German Workers' Party. Hitler altered his own signature to use the same stylized "S" letter for "socialist" and similar alphabetic symbolism still shows on Volkswagens. http://rexcurry.net/book1a1contents-swastika.html


Many Bellamy policies were followed in the USA and still are followed in the USA and they helped to cause the USA’s big, expensive and oppressive government.

The government in the USA and the government schools hide those facts from people in the USA and from people in other countries