Occurrence of gold in association with uranium in Gulcheru quartzite
of Cuddapah basin, Gandi–Rachakuntapalle area, Cuddapah district,
Andhra Pradesh
. Association of gold with uranium was first recorded in the lower Proterozoic quartz pebble conglomerates of
palaeo-placers of Witwatersrand in South Africa, where substantial quantities of gold were recovered along with uranium. The high density and chemical stability
of gold enables it to be mechanically concentrated in river and beach environments and preserved in placer deposits.
The prevailing oxygen-deficient physicochemical
environment during lower Proterozoic times enabled uraninite preservation and was responsible for its
association with gold. In peninsular India, exploration for
gold was essentially to greenstone belts such as Kolar schist belt, Ramagiri schist belt, Hutti schist belt and others. These investigations were not extended to the Proterozoic basins in the craton on a large scale, though Radhakrishna and Curtis have mentioned potential of lower
arenaceous members of the middle Proterozoic
basins as good hosts for gold. Cuddapah basin is the largest of the Purana basins in the South Indian peninsula. It is a crescent-shaped intracratonic basin largely occupied by sediments of middle to late Proterozoic period. The Gulcheru conglomerate and quartzite deposition marks the first depositional event over the basement crystallines, followed by Vempalle limestone, Pulivendla quartzite and Tadpatri shales. Gulcheru conglomerates and quartzite
represent the oxygenic depositional conditions of Meso-Proterozoic times unlike the conglomerate and arenites of
Bababudan formation of Archaean age, where detrital uraninite is preserved. Provenance characterization of Cuddapah basin based on available data suggests basement to the south-west with the north providing the detritus for the lower Cuddapah. The Archaean crystallines
forming the basement for Cuddapah sediments consist of granite and greenstones. Radiometric examination of the
crystalline basement in the south-western environments of Cuddapah basin by the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Bangalore indicated significant uranium association with granites, basic dykes, mylonites and cataclasite in fracture/shear zones5. Exploration programmes by the Geological
Survey of India (GSI) have
indicated gold association with greenstones
bordering Cuddapah basin. Au value of 4.6 g/t is recorded in sulphiderich banded iron formation at Errakonda in Veligallu schist belt6. Gulcheru quartzites are the results of degradation and transportation of the fertile crystalline basement as well as gold-bearing greenstone belts exposed on the southern, western and northern margin of the
Cuddapah basin. Gulcheru quartzite presents all the favourable factors, namely
(1) provenance, (2) porosity and permeability,
(3) precipitation, and (4) preservation
for uranium/gold mineralization.
In addition, post-sedimentary tectonothermal activity in the form of postsedimentary faults and emplacement of
basic dykes not only remobilizes the intrinsic uranium and other elements in the sediments but can also contribute
through hydrothermal activity. Since gold association was noticed in the provenance area, samples were analysed for
gold along with uranium. During the geological investigations for uranium mineralization associated with quartzite, systematic litho-geochemical surveys were carried out in Gandi area. Several uranium occurrences
were located in Gulcheru quartzite having considerable extent and grade, spread along E-W fault sections over 1–
4 km length in Gandi7, Gandi west, Bolaguntacheruvu, Virannagattupalle and Rachakuntapalle, Cuddapah district, Andhra Pradesh. The host rocks are grey-white/ brown quartzite with abundant primary structures like cross-bedding, ripple marks and mud-cracks. The petromineralogical studies of mineralized samples of Gandi
area reveal the presence of well-indurated and bimodal quartz arenites. The framework clasts are composed of monocrystalline quartz, polycrystalline quartz (chert) and rarely altered feldspar. These are corroded and infiltered by authigenic microcrystalline chlorite and authigenic
quartz interlocking adjoining quartz clasts. Matrix (2–4% modal value) is mainly composed of chlorite and clay
minerals, whereas the authigenic quartz is the common cement found in these quartzites. Electron microprobe studies confirmed the association of Au and Ag
with sulphides. The Au content in galena
is analysed up to 0.05%, whereas Ag
content in galena is up to 0.09% and in
pyrite up to 0.06%. Uranium occurs in
the form of fractures filling/veins and
interstitial along quartz grain boundaries.
The uranium minerals identified are pitchblende,
coffinite and uraninite. Significant
uranium values have also been
recorded in the boreholes drilled in
Gandi area, with mineralized intercepts
up to 1.043% U3O8 for 3.53 m. Gold is
generally high in quartzite samples recording
high uranium values (Figure 1).
Twenty-two surface samples and 8
core samples were collected from three
localities along 30 km tract and analysed
for gold. In these samples, gold is
determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.
The samples are first treated with
aquaregia and finally taken in HCl
medium. Gold is preconcentrated and
separated from the sample matrix by
(i) co-precipitation with Te followed
by toluene extraction, and also (ii) by
adsorption on chitin and leaching with a
mixture of thiourea and HCl. The final
solution after separation is aspirated into
AAS and measured at 242.8 nm, along
with calibration standards of 1.235, 2.47
and 3.70 mg/ml of Au.
High concentration of gold values up
to 13, 2.15 and 1.11 ppm is recorded in
uraniferous quartzites in Gandi West,
Gandi and Rachakuntapalle and among
these, Gandi west is the most promising
block, where uranium mineralization occurs
as lensoidal bodies in cross-bedded
white/grey quartzite spread over 4 km
long E-W fault section. Silver analysed
up to 8 ppm in Gandi West. Besides,
anomalous content of Mo, V, Ni, Co, Cu
and Pb is reported along with uranium in
Gulcheru quartzite. Gold is associated
with sulphides in banded iron formation,
amphibolites and metapyroxenites of
Veligallu greenstone belt. In these lithologies,
auriferous sulphides like arsenopyrites
and pyrites occur as stringers and
knots6. These rock types, apart from
granitoids and basic dykes, form the
source for the sediments constituting
Gulcheru quartzite sequence. Possibly,
gold is released in detrital form during
mechanical weathering and also in
solution during chemical processes. Gold
taken into solution by means of reaction
with ferric sulphate and ferric chloride
may be reprecipitated around sulphides
as tiny particles2. The possibility of
contribution of gold from the greenstones
to sediments is also evidenced by higher
Table 1. Chemical data of uraniferous Gulcheru quartzite
Oxide/element
Gandi core samples
(n = 8)
Gandi West
(n = 15)
Bolaguntacheruvu
(n = 4)
Rachakuntapalle
(n = 1)
Virannagattupalle
(n = 2)
U3O8% 0.667–4.583 0.229–1.970 0.008–2.420 0.012 0.041–0.111
Au (ppm) < 0.25–2.150 0.30–13.00 0.30–0.40 1.11 < 0.25
Ag (ppm) < 0.25–0.530 0.94–8.00 0.27–2.34 < 0.25 0.35–2.08
Mo (ppm) < 25–45 < 25–7352 < 20–168 < 25 110–460
Ni (ppm) 33–47 < 25–43 < 25–50 80 < 10
Co (ppm) < 25–31 < 25–130 < 25–30 < 25 < 10
V (ppm) 60–337 26–395 < 25 289 110–130
Cu (ppm) < 25–159 < 25–44 < 25–49 288 265–715
Pb (ppm) 1165–2812 260 – > 10000 552–3551 2230 230
2007-06-13 15:30:25
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answer #7
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answered by Anonymous
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