He promised Italians that he would help improve their economic condition and help Italy regain the power it had in the Roman Empire.
"Mussolini's fascist state, established nearly a decade before Adolf Hitler's rise to power, would provide a model for Hitler's later economic and political policies.
As Prime Minister, the first years of Mussolini's rule were characterized by a right-wing coalition government composed of Fascists, Nationalists, Liberals and even two Catholic ministers from the Popular Party. In fact, the Fascists made up a small minority in his original governments. Nonethleless, Mussolini's domestic goal was the eventual establishment of a totalitarian state with himself as supreme leader (Il Duce). To that end he obtained dictatorial powers for one year. He favoured the complete restoration of state authority, with the integration of the Fasci di Combattimento into the armed forces (the foundation in January 1923 of the Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale) and the progressive identification of the party with the state. In political and social economy, he passed legislation that favored the wealthy industrial and agrarian classes (privatizations, liberalizations of rent laws and dismantlement of the unions).
In June of 1923, the government passed the Acerbo Law, which transformed Italy into a single national constituency. It also granted a two-thirds majority of the seats in Parliament to the party or group of parties which had obtained at least 25% of the votes. This law was punctually applied in the elections of April 6, 1924. The "national alliance," consisting of Fascists, most of the old Liberals and others, won 64% of the vote largely by means of violence and voter intimidation. These tactics were especially prevalent in the south.
The assassination of the socialist deputy Giacomo Matteotti, who had requested the annulment of the elections because of the irregularities committed, provoked a momentary crisis of the Mussolini government. The murderer, a squadristi named Dumini, reported to Mussolini soon after the murder. Mussolini ordered a cover-up, but witnesses saw the car used to transport Matteoti's body parked outside Matteoti's residence, which linked Dumini to the murder. The Matteotti crisis provoked cries for justice against the murder of an outspoken critic of Fascist violence. The government was shocked into paralysis for a few days, and Mussolini later confessed that a few resolute men could have alerted public opinion and started a coup that would have swept fascism away. Dumini was imprisoned for 2 years. On release he told others that Mussolini was responsible, for which he served further prison time. For the next 15 years, Dumini received an income from Mussolini, the Fascist Party, and other sources. This was clearly hush money, for he left a dossier full of incriminating evidence to a Texas lawyer in case of his own death.
The opposition parties responded weakly or were generally unresponsive. Many of the socialists, liberals and moderates boycotted Parliament in the Aventine Secession, hoping to force Victor Emmanuel to dismiss Mussolini. But despite the leadership of communists such as Antonio Gramsci, socialists such as Pietro Nenni and liberals such as Piero Gobetti and Giovanni Amendola, they were incapable of transforming their posturing into a mass antifascist action. The king, fearful of violence from the Fascist squadristi, kept Mussolini in office. Because of the boycot of Parliament, Mussolini could pass any legislation unopposed. The political violence of the squadristi had worked only too well, for there was no popular demonstrations against the murder of Matteoti.
Within his own party, Mussolini faced doubts during these critical weeks. The more violent were angry that Mussolini had only killed a few dozen, and a bloodbath ensued that killed thousands. Others wanted to ask the left wing and moderates back into Parliament to form a new governing coalition.[specify] Fifty senior militia leaders burst into his office and told him to act forcefully or that they would depose him. One account claims Mussolini recalled them to a sense of discipline. Another account claims that Mussolini burst into tears.
Whatever the case, on January 3, 1925 Mussolini made a speech before the Chamber in which he took responsibility for squadristi violence (though he did not mention the assassination of Matteotti). Promising a crackdown on dissenters, he dropped all pretense of collaboration and set up a total dictatorship. Before his speech fascist militia beat up the opposition and prevented opposition newspapers from publishing. Mussolini correctly predicted that as soon as public opinion saw him firmly in control the 'fence-sitters', the silent majority, 'and the place-hunters' would all place themselves behind him. In 1925, all opposition was silenced. And so the Matteoti crisis was the turning point between a Fascist Republic to a Fascist Dictatorship. From late 1925 until the mid-1930s, fascism experienced little and isolated opposition, although that which it did was memorable.
While failing to outline a coherent program, fascism evolved into a new political and economic system that combined totalitarianism, nationalism, anti-communism and anti-liberalism into a state designed to bind all classes together under a corporatist system (The "Third Way"). This was a new system in which the state seized control of the organization of vital industries. Under the banners of nationalism and state power, Fascism seemed to synthesize the glorious Roman past with a futuristic utopia."
2007-04-22 07:06:21
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answer #1
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answered by johnslat 7
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Italy joined the Allies in WW1 with very specific terms about what they would gain territorially as a result. After the armistace and Versailles, the Italians were upset because half a million of them had been killed in the war and they didn't get what they were promised. This left a general feeling of unrest in Italy, perfect for a totalitarian dictator to come along.
Mussolini created the Fascist party in 1921, and in 1926 he forced his way into power: when he lost a democratic election he threatened to take over the country by force with his "Brown Shirts" paramilitary group. The King of Italy offered Mussolini the premiership, which he accepted with the amended title of "Duce" (leader).
He ruled Italy until he was over thrown in 1943. He and his mistress were killed in 1945. In general, people overlooked his policies because everything appeared to be functioning (and the trains were running on time, as the joke goes).
2007-04-22 08:31:43
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answer #2
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answered by Anonymous
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