New World Translation? the Jehovah's Witnesses Bible from which Greek Manuscripts was it translated?

Question

From which greek manuscripts was the New World Translation translated from? Were they from Alexandria? Please include the website where you found this information : )

Answer 1

LANGUAGES OF THE DIVINE LIBRARY

The Bible was originally written in Hebrew, Aramaic (a language related to Hebrew) and common (koi·ne´) Greek. Since relatively few people today understand these languages, it has become necessary to translate the Holy Bible into modern languages to present its life-giving message to people of all nations.

HEBREW TEXT: The Masoretic Hebrew text used for the preparation of the English text of the Hebrew Scripture portion of the New World Translation was the Codex Leningrad B 19A (of U.S.S.R.), as presented in R. Kittel’s Biblia Hebraica (BHK), seventh, eighth and ninth editions (1951-55). An update of this work known as Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS), 1977 edition, was used to prepare the footnote apparatus of this 1984 edition. Italicized words designated as “Heb.” are transliterated from BHS.

Certain portions of the Hebrew Bible are actually in the Aramaic language but written in Hebrew characters. Transliterations from these portions are preceded by “Aram.” Other Aramaic versions are indicated by their respective symbols.

GREEK TEXT: The basic Greek text used for the preparation of the English text of the Christian Greek Scripture portion of the New World Translation was The New Testament in the Original Greek, by Westcott and Hort (originally published in 1881). The Greek texts of Nestle, Bover, Merk and others were also considered. The Greek transliterations for the Christian Greek Scripture portion of the Bible, identified as “Gr.,” are from the Westcott and Hort text as reproduced in The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures (1969). In the Hebrew Scriptures “Gr.” refers to transliterations from the Greek Septuagint (LXX), by A. Rahlfs, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 1935. Other Greek sources have been indicated by their respective symbols.

SYRIAC TEXT: “Syr.” indicates words transliterated from the Syriac Peshitta (Sy), S. Lee, 1826 edition, reprinted by United Bible Societies, 1979. Other Syriac versions are indicated by their respective symbols.

LATIN TEXT: The edition of the Latin Vulgate (Vg) used was the Biblia Sacra, Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem, Württembergische Bibelanstalt, Stuttgart, 1975. “Lat.” designates words from this text. Other Latin versions have been indicated by their respective symbols.


? (´Aleph) Codex Sinaiticus, Gr., fourth cent. C.E., British Museum, H.S., G.S.

A Codex Alexandrinus, Gr., fifth cent. C.E., British Museum, H.S., G.S.

ad Aid to Bible Understanding, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Brooklyn, 1971.

Al Aleppo Codex, Heb., c. 930 C.E., Israel, H.S.

Aq Aquila’s Gr. translation of H.S., second cent. C.E., Cambridge, England.

Arm Armenian Version, fourth to thirteenth cent. C.E.; H.S., G.S.

B Vatican ms 1209, Gr., fourth cent. C.E., Vatican City, Rome, H.S., G.S.

B 19A See Leningrad.

Bauer A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, by W. Bauer, second English ed., by F. W. Gingrich and F. W. Danker, Chicago and London (1979).

BDB Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, by Brown, Driver and Briggs, Oxford, 1978 reprint.

BHK Biblia Hebraica, by Kittel, Kahle, Alt and Eissfeldt, Privilegierte Württembergische Bibelanstalt, Stuttgart, seventh to ninth ed., 1951-55, H.S.

BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, by Elliger and Rudolph, Deutsche Bibelstiftung, Stuttgart, 1977, H.S.

C Codex Ephraemi rescriptus, Gr., fifth cent. C.E., Paris, H.S., G.S.

Ca Cairo Codex, Heb., 895 C.E., Cairo, Egypt, H.S.

D Bezae Codices, Gr. and Lat., fifth and sixth cent. C.E., Cambridge, England, G.S.

Gins. Massoretico-Critical Text of the Hebrew Bible, by C. D. Ginsburg, London, 1926.

Gins.Int Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible, by C. D. Ginsburg, Ktav Publishing House, New York, 1966 reprint.

Gins.Mas The Massorah, by C. D. Ginsburg, Ktav Publishing House, New York, 1975 reprint.

GK Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, by E. Kautzsch and A. E. Cowley, Oxford, England (1910).

Grn The Interlinear Hebrew/English Bible, Vol. I-III, by J. Green, Wilmington, U.S., 1976.

Int The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Brooklyn, 1969, a word-for-word rendering from Greek into English.

It Old Latin Versions, Itala, second to fourth cent. C.E.; H.S., G.S.

J1 Matthew, Heb., edited by J. du Tillet, with a Lat. translation by J. Mercier, Paris, 1555.

J2 Matthew, Heb., incorporated as a separate chapter in ´E´ven bo´chan [“Tried Stone”], by Shem-Tob ben Isaac Ibn Shaprut, 1385. Mss of 16th and 17th cent., Jewish Theological Seminary, New York.

J3 Matthew and Hebrews, Heb. and Lat., by Sebastian Münster, Basel, 1537 and 1557 respectively.

J4 Matthew, Heb., by J. Quinquarboreus, Paris, 1551.

J5 Liturgical Gospels, Heb., by F. Petri, Wittemberg, 1573.

J6 Liturgical Gospels, German, Lat., Gr. and Heb., by Johann Clajus, Leipzig, 1576.

J7 Christian Greek Scriptures in 12 languages, including Heb., by Elias Hutter, Nuremberg, 1599.

J8 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by William Robertson, London, 1661.

J9 Gospels, Heb. and Lat., by Giovanni Battista Jona, Rome, 1668.

J10 The New Testament . . . in Hebrew and English, by Richard Caddick, Vol. I-III, containing Matthew—1 Corinthians, London, 1798-1805.

J11 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by Thomas Fry and others, London, 1817.

J12 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by William Greenfield, London, 1831.

J13 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by A. McCaul, M. S. Alexander, J. C. Reichardt and S. Hoga, London, 1838.

J14 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by J. C. Reichardt, London, 1846.

J15 Luke, Acts, Romans and Hebrews, Heb., by J. H. R. Biesenthal, Berlin, 1855, 1867, 1853 and 1858 respectively.

J16 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by J. C. Reichardt and J. H. R. Biesenthal, London, 1866.

J17 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by Franz Delitzsch, London, 1981 ed.

J18 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by Isaac Salkinson and C. D. Ginsburg, London.

J20 A Concordance to the Greek Testament, by W. F. Moulton and A. S. Geden, fourth ed., Edinburgh, 1963.

J21 The Emphatic Diaglott (Greek-English interlinear), by Benjamin Wilson, New York, 1864, reprint by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Brooklyn, 1942.

J22 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by United Bible Societies, Jerusalem, 1979.

J23 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by J. Bauchet, Rome, 1975.

J24 A Literal Translation of the New Testament . . . From the Text of the Vatican Manuscript, by Herman Heinfetter, London, 1863.

J25 St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, by W. G. Rutherford, London, 1900.

J26 Psalms and Matthew 1:1-3:6, Heb., by Anton Margaritha, Leipzig, 1533.

J27 Die heilige Schrift des neuen Testaments, by Dominik von Brentano, third ed., Vienna and Prague, 1796.

KB Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros, by L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Leiden, Netherlands, 1953.

KB3 Hebräisches und Aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament, by W. Baumgartner, third ed., Leiden, Netherlands, 1967 and later ed.

Leningrad Codex Leningrad B 19A, Heb., 1008 C.E., H.S., Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library, Leningrad, U.S.S.R.

LS A Greek-English Lexicon, by H. Liddell and R. Scott, Oxford, 1968.

LXX Septuagint, Gr., third and second cent. B.C.E., H.S. (A. Rahlfs, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 1935).


LXXBagster Septuagint (with an English translation by Sir Lancelot Brenton, S. Bagster & Sons, London, 1851).

LXXL Septuagint (P. de Lagarde, Göttingen, Germany, 1883).

LXXThomson Septuagint, translated by C. Thomson, Pells ed., London, 1904.

M Masoretic Hebrew text found in Codex Leningrad B



P45 Papyrus Chester Beatty 1, Gr., third cent. C.E., Dublin, G.S.

P46 Papyrus Chester Beatty 2, Gr., c. 200 C.E., Dublin, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., G.S.

P47 Papyrus Chester Beatty 3, Gr., third cent. C.E., Dublin, G.S.

P66 Papyrus Bodmer 2, Gr., c. 200 C.E., Geneva, G.S.

P74 Papyrus Bodmer 17, Gr., seventh cent. C.E., Geneva, G.S.

P75 Papyrus Bodmer 14, 15, Gr., c. 200 C.E., Geneva, G.S.

1QIsa The Dead Sea Scroll of Isaiah, Jerusalem, found in 1947 in Qumran Cave No. 1.

Sam Pentateuch in Samaritan, fourth cent. B.C.E., Israel.



Sn Hebrew Old Testament, by N. H. Snaith, Israel, 1970.

Sy, Syp Syriac Peshitta, Christian Aram., fifth cent. C.E., S. Lee, London, 1826, reprint by United Bible Societies, 1979.

Syc Curetonian Syriac, Old Syriac, fifth cent. C.E., Gospels, Cambridge, England.

Syh Philoxenian-Harclean Syriac Version, sixth and seventh cent. C.E.; G.S.

Syhi Jerusalem (Hierosolymitanum) Version, Old Syriac, sixth cent. C.E.; G.S.

Sys Sinaitic Syriac codex, fourth and fifth cent. C.E., Gospels.

Sym Greek translation of H.S., by Symmachus, c. 200 C.E.

T

TJ Jerusalem Targum I (Pseudo-Jonathan) and Jerusalem Targum II (Fragmentary Targum).

TO Targum of Onkelos (Babylonian Targum), Pentateuch.

TP Palestinian Targum, Vatican City, Rome, Pentateuch.

TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (English ed.), Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, U.S.A., 1974 and later ed.

TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (English ed.), Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, U.S.A., 1964 and later ed.

Th Greek translation of H.S., by Theodotion, second cent. C.E.

TR Textus Receptus (Received Text) of G.S., by R. Stephanus, 1550.

Vg Latin Vulgate, by Jerome, c. 400 C.E. (Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem, Württembergische Bibelanstalt, Stuttgart, 1975).

Vgc Latin Vulgate, Clementine recension (S. Bagster & Sons, London, 1977).

Vgs Latin Vulgate, Sixtine recension, 1590.

Vgww Novum Testamentum Latine secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi ad Codicum Manuscriptorum Fidem, by J. Wordsworth and H. J. White, Oxford, 1911.

VT Vetus Testamentum, E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands.

W Freer Gospels, fifth cent. C.E., Washington, D.C.

WH The New Testament in the Original Greek, by Westcott and Hort, 1948 ed. (reprinted in Int).

ZorellGr Lexicon Graecum Novi Testamenti, third ed., by F. Zorell, Paris, 1961.

ZorellHeb Lexicon Hebraicum et Aramaicum Veteris Testamenti, by F. Zorell, Rome, 1968.

Answer 2

Salutations! Why is *any* Bible translation written? Why focus on JWs? Catholics have produced several Bible versions, Evangelicals have produced many versions. JWs have only produced one version. Why not focus on other groups who have produced more than one version? Why do they need so many? If any group can produce a translation, then JWs can too. The reasons listed by the NWT translators are some of the following (off the top of my head): 1) English changes over time, and, when the NWT came out in 1950, there were few and far between modern English translations (this has since changed). 2) Modern Bible scholarship has advanced, and the understanding of the Bible languages increases with time. 3) The majority of Bible translations have removed God's name, and the NWT put it back (This is still the case 60 years later). 4) Some traditions and theological bias are found in other Bible translations, the NWT sought to remove them. Keep in mind that when the NWT came out, there weren't many English Bibles in popular use. Most used the KJV (Protestants) or Douey-Rheims (Catholics). Today it's a bit different, and there are many translations popularly used. === Some claim that JWs have "re-written the Bible to fit their doctrine." But this is bad argumentation on the part of JW/NWT critics. The basis for this criticism goes hand in hand with my point #4 above. The criticism is that the NWT translators altered/doctored their translation in certain verses to fit their doctrine. However, this assumes that the critics know the motivations of the translators. It is a huge assumption, not backed by evidence. A logical alternative is that the NWT translators thought that they were rendering such verses more accurately than what is found in other Bibles, and it is actually the other Bibles that are altered from the original text because of theological bias. The point is, two assumptions are made: 1) The motivations of the translators are known by the critic, 2) If the NWT is different from standard Bibles, the NWT is always assumed to be wrong. It is demonstrably false that the NWT alters verses to fit their doctrines. If this was the case, then why would they not change these verses? -- In answer Thomas said to [Jesus]: “My Lord and my God!” - John 20:28 And [the Messiah's; Jesus'] name will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Eternal Father, Prince of Peace. - Isaiah 9:6 JWs claim that many of their controversial renderings are more accurate than those found in the standard Bibles. And indeed, when looking at commentaries and grammars, it can be shown that these verses at the very least can *possibly* be translated the way that they are in the NWT (a fact barely ever conceded by NWT critics). However, in verses like John 20:28, the NWT rendered it they way it is because that is what the grammar is saying. If the NWT "altered" the Bible to suit JW doctrine, then surely they would have altered verses like John 20:28 and Isaiah 9:6, since on the surface they appear to directly contradict JW theology. The fact is, all translators will bring some kind of personal bias to the translation table. It is not enough to say that the NWT translators were biased towards their theology, and is therefore inaccurate since the claim can be made of any other translation. Yours, Abernathy the Dull

Answer 3

What Greek Manuscripts? Are you talking about the originals? None survived much beyond the death of the last apostle, along with true Christianity. The apostasy that is prophesied in the New Testament did indeed occur.

This is why the Nicean Council met. They were told to gather all the remains of the scriptures and get the religion back in order. Of course, they did the best they could, but the entirety of Jesus' gospel was lost. We were left with pieces. This is why we have so many denominations today.

All are doing the best they know how, but they all can interpret the same scriptures differently. God is not a confusing God. His word was never meant to be hard to understand. Man's errors made this happen.

no church today has a direct translation of the scriptures. The King James was created because the Genesis Bible was considered too strict, and even than, it had to be completely revised four times during a 150 year time period, before the Church of England would AUTHORIZE it.

Mind you, this is the same Bible that their Bishop got his view from last November that children born with defects should not be allowed to live. Anyone want to she me where he got that from in the KJV?

Answer 4

In typing in "New World Translation Greek Manuscripts" in the search box on the official Jehovah's Witness website, I found an interesting article called "The Bible-An Oriental Book". It doesn't answer your question but it was interesting anyway. It seems you got several good answers before I got here, anyway.

Answer 5

HEBREW TEXT: The Masoretic Hebrew text used for the preparation of the English text of the Hebrew Scripture portion of the New World Translation was the Codex Leningrad B 19 as presented in R. Kittel's Biblia Hebraica seventh, eighth, and ninth editions. An update of this work known as Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, 1977 edition, was used to prepare the footnote apparatus of this 1984 edition. Italicized words designated as "Heb." are transliterated from BHS.

GREEK TEXT: The basic Greek text used for the preparation of the English text of the Christian Greek Scripture portion of the NWT was the New Testament in Original Greek, by Westcott and Hort (1881). The Greek texts of Nestle, Bover, Merk and others were also considered...In the Hebrew Scriptures "Gr." refers to transliterations from the Greek Septuagint, by A. Rahlfs, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 1935. Other Greek sources have been identified by their respective symbols.

Answer 6

From the JW reference publication "All Scripture is Inspired of God and Beneficial":

The New World Translation is a fresh translation from the original Bible languages of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. By no means is it a revision of any other English translation, nor does it copy any other version as to style, vocabulary, or rhythm. For the Hebrew-Aramaic section, the well-refined and universally accepted text of Rudolf Kittel’s Biblia Hebraica, the 7th, 8th, and 9th editions (1951-55), was used. A new edition of the Hebrew text known as Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, dated 1977, was used for updating the information presented in the footnotes of the New World Translation—With References. The Greek section was translated principally from the Greek master text prepared by Westcott and Hort, published in 1881. However, the New World Bible Translation Committee also consulted other Greek texts, including Nestle’s Greek text (1948). Descriptions of these excellent master texts are presented in Studies 5 and 6 of this volume. The translation committee has made a vigorous and accurate translation of the Bible, and this has resulted in a clear and living text, opening up the way to a deeper, more satisfying understanding of the Word of God.

Note one critic’s evaluation of this translation: “Original renderings of the Hebrew Scriptures into the English language are extremely few. It therefore gives us much pleasure to welcome the publication of the first part of the New World Translation [of the Hebrew Scriptures], Genesis to Ruth. . . . This version has evidently made a special effort to be thoroughly readable. No one could say it is deficient in freshness and originality. Its terminology is by no means based upon that of previous versions.”

The Hebrew scholar Professor Dr. Benjamin Kedar of Israel, in an interview with a representative of the Watch Tower Society, evaluated the New World Translation as follows: “In my linguistic research in connection with the Hebrew Bible and translations, I often refer to the English edition of what is known as the New World Translation. In so doing, I find my feeling repeatedly confirmed that this work reflects an honest endeavor to achieve an understanding of the text that is as accurate as possible. Giving evidence of a broad command of the original language, it renders the original words into a second language understandably without deviating unnecessarily from the specific structure of the Hebrew. . . . Every statement of language allows for a certain latitude in interpreting or translating. So the linguistic solution in any given case may be open to debate. But I have never discovered in the New World Translation any biased intent to read something into the text that it does not contain.”

Answer 7

The new world translation is not translated from any manuscript. The gentlemen on the committee were not scholars in anyway shape or form. The watch tower tract society will admit to it if pressured.

Russell and Rutherford where liars for one as well as the witnesses. The claims of those to be scholars if someone checks into there background have no skills in any Greek or Hebrew. For instance the most twisted scripture of the witness or watchtower is John chapter 1 verse one. By slipping a simple "a" in the word was a god we take away the greatness of the Christ. Try the NIV it has 500 scholars in total agreement. Ok Witnesses sorry the truth hurts. John 8:58 and what did Timothy do when he saw Jesus after he was resurrected.

Answer 8

You'd be lucky to find out the name of a single "translator" of the NWT. They chose to remain anonymous. The JW say it is to avoid fame, as if those who worked on the NRSV got mobbed by crying teenage girls.

"Like OMG, Dr. Bruce Metzger is so hot! When he speaks Koine Greek into the microphone, I just melt."

Answer 9

Much like Mormonism, that sect was made in America.

Answer 10

A healthy skepticism of Wikipedia is always wise, but this article seems generally correct as of April 20, 2007:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures#Characteristics_of_the_translation
[quote]
New Testament is based on Westcott and Hort's The New Testament in the Original Greek. Also considered were texts by Bover, Merk, and Nestle. Newer editions make use of newer texts, such as Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (1967/1977) and Novum Testamentum Graece (1983), as well as newer lexicons and dictionaries such as Zorell's Lexicon Hebraicum Veteris Testamenti (1984).
[unquote]


More complete information can be found in the NWT itself:
[quote]
TEXTUAL SYMBOLS: Throughout our footnotes, when giving textual information, it has been necessary to refer to many early manuscripts and papyruses, codices, printed editions, and recent authoritative publications. Following is a chart of the major symbols that are referenced in the footnotes of this publication.

א (’Aleph) Codex Sinaiticus, Gr., fourth cent. C.E., British Museum, H.S., G.S.

A Codex Alexandrinus, Gr., fifth cent. C.E., British Museum, H.S., G.S.

ad Aid to Bible Understanding, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Brooklyn, 1971.

Al Aleppo Codex, Heb., c. 930 C.E., Israel, H.S.

Aq Aquila’s Gr. translation of H.S., second cent. C.E., Cambridge, England.

Arm Armenian Version, fourth to thirteenth cent. C.E.; H.S., G.S.

B Vatican ms 1209, Gr., fourth cent. C.E., Vatican City, Rome, H.S., G.S.

B 19A See Leningrad.

Bauer A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, by W. Bauer, second English ed., by F. W. Gingrich and F. W. Danker, Chicago and London (1979).

BDB Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, by Brown, Driver and Briggs, Oxford, 1978 reprint.

BHK Biblia Hebraica, by Kittel, Kahle, Alt and Eissfeldt, Privilegierte Württembergische Bibelanstalt, Stuttgart, seventh to ninth ed., 1951-55, H.S.

BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, by Elliger and Rudolph, Deutsche Bibelstiftung, Stuttgart, 1977, H.S.

C Codex Ephraemi rescriptus, Gr., fifth cent. C.E., Paris, H.S., G.S.

Ca Cairo Codex, Heb., 895 C.E., Cairo, Egypt, H.S.

D Bezae Codices, Gr. and Lat., fifth and sixth cent. C.E., Cambridge, England, G.S.

Gins. Massoretico-Critical Text of the Hebrew Bible, by C. D. Ginsburg, London, 1926.

Gins.Int Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible, by C. D. Ginsburg, Ktav Publishing House, New York, 1966 reprint.

Gins.Mas The Massorah, by C. D. Ginsburg, Ktav Publishing House, New York, 1975 reprint.

GK Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, by E. Kautzsch and A. E. Cowley, Oxford, England (1910).

Grn The Interlinear Hebrew/English Bible, Vol. I-III, by J. Green, Wilmington, U.S., 1976.

Int The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Brooklyn, 1969, a word-for-word rendering from Greek into English.

It Old Latin Versions, Itala, second to fourth cent. C.E.; H.S., G.S.

J1 Matthew, Heb., edited by J. du Tillet, with a Lat. translation by J. Mercier, Paris, 1555.

J2 Matthew, Heb., incorporated as a separate chapter in ’E′ven bo′chan [“Tried Stone”], by Shem-Tob ben Isaac Ibn Shaprut, 1385. Mss of 16th and 17th cent., Jewish Theological Seminary, New York.

J3 Matthew and Hebrews, Heb. and Lat., by Sebastian Münster, Basel, 1537 and 1557 respectively.

J4 Matthew, Heb., by J. Quinquarboreus, Paris, 1551.

J5 Liturgical Gospels, Heb., by F. Petri, Wittemberg, 1573.

J6 Liturgical Gospels, German, Lat., Gr. and Heb., by Johann Clajus, Leipzig, 1576.

J7 Christian Greek Scriptures in 12 languages, including Heb., by Elias Hutter, Nuremberg, 1599.

J8 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by William Robertson, London, 1661.

J9 Gospels, Heb. and Lat., by Giovanni Battista Jona, Rome, 1668.

J10 The New Testament . . . in Hebrew and English, by Richard Caddick, Vol. I-III, containing Matthew—1 Corinthians, London, 1798-1805.

J11 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by Thomas Fry and others, London, 1817.

J12 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by William Greenfield, London, 1831.

J13 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by A. McCaul, M. S. Alexander, J. C. Reichardt and S. Hoga, London, 1838.

J14 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by J. C. Reichardt, London, 1846.

J15 Luke, Acts, Romans and Hebrews, Heb., by J. H. R. Biesenthal, Berlin, 1855, 1867, 1853 and 1858 respectively.

J16 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by J. C. Reichardt and J. H. R. Biesenthal, London, 1866.

J17 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by Franz Delitzsch, London, 1981 ed.

J18 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by Isaac Salkinson and C. D. Ginsburg, London.

J19 John, Heb., by Moshe I. Ben Maeir, Denver, Colorado, 1957.

J20 A Concordance to the Greek Testament, by W. F. Moulton and A. S. Geden, fourth ed., Edinburgh, 1963.

J21 The Emphatic Diaglott (Greek-English interlinear), by Benjamin Wilson, New York, 1864, reprint by Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Brooklyn, 1942.

J22 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by United Bible Societies, Jerusalem, 1979.

J23 Christian Greek Scriptures, Heb., by J. Bauchet, Rome, 1975.

J24 A Literal Translation of the New Testament . . . From the Text of the Vatican Manuscript, by Herman Heinfetter, London, 1863.

J25 St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, by W. G. Rutherford, London, 1900.

J26 Psalms and Matthew 1:1-3:6, Heb., by Anton Margaritha, Leipzig, 1533.

J27 Die heilige Schrift des neuen Testaments, by Dominik von Brentano, third ed., Vienna and Prague, 1796.

JTS Journal of Theological Studies, Clarendon, Oxford.

KB Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros, by L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Leiden, Netherlands, 1953.

KB3 Hebräisches und Aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament, by W. Baumgartner, third ed., Leiden, Netherlands, 1967 and later ed.

Leningrad Codex Leningrad B 19A, Heb., 1008 C.E., H.S., Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library, Leningrad, U.S.S.R.

LS A Greek-English Lexicon, by H. Liddell and R. Scott, Oxford, 1968.

LXX Septuagint, Gr., third and second cent. B.C.E., H.S. (A. Rahlfs, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 1935).

LXXא See א.

LXXA See A.

LXXB See B.

LXXBagster Septuagint (with an English translation by Sir Lancelot Brenton, S. Bagster & Sons, London, 1851).

LXXL Septuagint (P. de Lagarde, Göttingen, Germany, 1883).

LXXThomson Septuagint, translated by C. Thomson, Pells ed., London, 1904.

M Masoretic Hebrew text found in Codex Leningrad B 19A as presented in BHK and BHS.

NW New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Brooklyn, 1984 revision.

P45 Papyrus Chester Beatty 1, Gr., third cent. C.E., Dublin, G.S.

P46 Papyrus Chester Beatty 2, Gr., c. 200 C.E., Dublin, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., G.S.

P47 Papyrus Chester Beatty 3, Gr., third cent. C.E., Dublin, G.S.

P66 Papyrus Bodmer 2, Gr., c. 200 C.E., Geneva, G.S.

P74 Papyrus Bodmer 17, Gr., seventh cent. C.E., Geneva, G.S.

P75 Papyrus Bodmer 14, 15, Gr., c. 200 C.E., Geneva, G.S.

1QIsa The Dead Sea Scroll of Isaiah, Jerusalem, found in 1947 in Qumran Cave No. 1.

Sam Pentateuch in Samaritan, fourth cent. B.C.E., Israel.

si “All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial,” Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Brooklyn, 1963.

Sn Hebrew Old Testament, by N. H. Snaith, Israel, 1970.

Sy, Syp Syriac Peshitta, Christian Aram., fifth cent. C.E., S. Lee, London, 1826, reprint by United Bible Societies, 1979.

Syc Curetonian Syriac, Old Syriac, fifth cent. C.E., Gospels, Cambridge, England.

Syh Philoxenian-Harclean Syriac Version, sixth and seventh cent. C.E.; G.S.

Syhi Jerusalem (Hierosolymitanum) Version, Old Syriac, sixth cent. C.E.; G.S.

Sys Sinaitic Syriac codex, fourth and fifth cent. C.E., Gospels.

Sym Greek translation of H.S., by Symmachus, c. 200 C.E.

T Targums, Aram. paraphrases of parts of H.S.

TJ Jerusalem Targum I (Pseudo-Jonathan) and Jerusalem Targum II (Fragmentary Targum).

TO Targum of Onkelos (Babylonian Targum), Pentateuch.

TP Palestinian Targum, Vatican City, Rome, Pentateuch.

TDOT Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament (English ed.), Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, U.S.A., 1974 and later ed.

TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (English ed.), Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, U.S.A., 1964 and later ed.

Th Greek translation of H.S., by Theodotion, second cent. C.E.

TR Textus Receptus (Received Text) of G.S., by R. Stephanus, 1550.

Vg Latin Vulgate, by Jerome, c. 400 C.E. (Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem, Württembergische Bibelanstalt, Stuttgart, 1975).

Vgc Latin Vulgate, Clementine recension (S. Bagster & Sons, London, 1977).

Vgs Latin Vulgate, Sixtine recension, 1590.

Vgww Novum Testamentum Latine secundum editionem Sancti Hieronymi ad Codicum Manuscriptorum Fidem, by J. Wordsworth and H. J. White, Oxford, 1911.

VT Vetus Testamentum, E. J. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands.

W Freer Gospels, fifth cent. C.E., Washington, D.C.

WH The New Testament in the Original Greek, by Westcott and Hort, 1948 ed. (reprinted in Int).

ZorellGr Lexicon Graecum Novi Testamenti, third ed., by F. Zorell, Paris, 1961.

ZorellHeb Lexicon Hebraicum et Aramaicum Veteris Testamenti, by F. Zorell, Rome, 1968.
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