In the name of God most gracious most merciful.
Dear Friend,
I would not take wikipedia as a credible website for everything since anyone could enter any information. I did some research on this actually and this is what i came up with, a research paper on women being second class citizens in religion:
The Status of Women in religion
The birth of today’s society all started with one woman: our mother Eve. Women are given rights and status through religion. Those rights vary from one creed to the other, but the foundations are all alike. The purpose of this research is to compare and contrast the status of women in the three main religions; Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. Unlike what many people perceive to be the truth, in most religions women are not second-class citizens. The books of God (Torah, Bible, Koran) have frequently spoken of the rights of women and acknowledged them as full partners in the human venture of history.
The three religions are based on a very similar foundation, which insinuates that God is the creator of humankind. The dissimilarities start to occur after the creation of the first man, Adam. The Judaeo-Christian conception of the creation of Adam and Eve is narrated in detail in the book of Genesis (2:4 – 3:24). Eve was created from and for man, whereas Adam is the reflection of authority. God prohibited both of them from eating the fruits of the forbidden tree. The serpent seduced Eve to eat from the tree, who in turn seduced Adam to eat with her. God then rebuked Adam for what he did, who put the whole blame on Eve, “The woman you put here with me gave me some fruit from the tree, and I ate it.” (Genesis 3:12) Consequently Eve was gravely punished by God, “I will greatly increase your pains in childbearing; with pain you will give birth to children. Your desire will be for your husband and he will rule over you.” (Genesis 3:16) Adam was also chastised by God, “Because you listened to your wife and ate from the tree, Cursed is the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.” (Genesis 3:17)
If we look at the Old Testament and derive scriptures form what is called the Wisdom Literature, we will see the denial of every upright woman on earth, “I find more bitter than death the woman who is a snare, whose heart is a trap and whose hands are chains. The man who pleases God will escape her, but the sinner she will ensnare, while I was still searching but not finding, I found one upright man among a thousand but not one upright woman among them all." (Ecclesiasticus 7:26-28)
Not only does the Old Testament reject women but it also harshly accuses Eve at fault, “No wickedness comes anywhere near the wickedness of a woman, Sin began with a woman and thanks to her we all must die" (Ecclesiastes 25:19,24)
Shockingly, to this time and day, Orthodox Jewish men in their daily prayers recite, “Blessed be God King of the universe that Thou has not made me a woman." The women, on the other hand, thank God every morning for "making me according to Thy will." They praise and thank their creator for making man superior to woman. The same severe tone is found in the New Testament, "A woman should learn in quietness and full submission. I don't permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent. For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam wasn't the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner, but women will be saved through childbearing." (I Timothy 2:11-15)
The story of Adam and Eve in Islam differs from the one that is found in Genesis. The Koran, contrary to the Bible, places both Adam and Eve at fault for eating out of the forbidden tree. Eve did not tempt Adam to eat from the tree nor is she at fault solely for eating before him. She is not blamed for the pains of childbearing. Eve is not viewed as a temptress, seducer, nor a deceiver. When asked for forgiveness, God forgave both of them.
“O Adam dwell with your wife in the Garden and enjoy as you wish but approach not this tree or you run into harm and transgression. Then Satan whispered to them in order to reveal to them their shame that was hidden from them and he said: 'Your Lord only forbade you this tree lest you become angels or such beings as live forever.' And he swore to them both that he was their sincere adviser. So by deceit he brought them to their fall: when they tasted the tree their shame became manifest to them and they began to sew together the leaves of the Garden over their bodies. And their Lord called unto them: 'Did I not forbid you that tree and tell you that Satan was your avowed enemy?' They said: 'Our Lord we have wronged our own souls and if you forgive us not and bestow not upon us Your Mercy, we shall certainly be lost' " (Koran 7:19:23)
According to the Koran, a woman's role on earth isn't limited only to childbirth. She is required to do as many good deeds as any other man is required to do. The Koran never said that no upright women had ever existed. To the contrary, the Koran has instructed all the believers, women as well as men, to follow the example of those ideal women such as the Virgin Mary and the Pharaoh’s wife (Koran 66:11-13)
Adultery is considered one of the biggest sins in all religions. The seventh commandment in Christianity is, “Thou shalt not commit adultery.” (Exodus 20:14) A reaffirmation of this sin is stated again, “Neither shalt thou commit adultery.” (Deuteronomy 5:18) These are just two extracts from the many others in the holy books of Christianity. The punishment for such a sin is no less than death; “If a man commits adultery with another man's wife both the adulterer and the adulteress must be put to death" (Lev. 20:10). This has been mentioned more than just once: “If a man is found sleeping with another man's wife, both the man who slept with her and the woman must die. You must purge the evil from Israel" (Deuteronomy 22:22).
According to the bible, the biblical definition of adultery is the extramarital affair of a married woman. Adultery does not consist of unmarried women having sexual intercourse with men. The extramarital affair of a married man is not per se a crime in the bible. As mentioned in the Encyclopedia Judaica, the wife was considered to be the husband's possession and adultery constituted a violation of the husband's exclusive right to her; the wife as the husband's possession had no such right to him.
In Israel, to this present day, if a wedded man indulges in an extramarital affair with an unmarried woman, his children from that woman are considered legitimate. But, if a married woman has an affair with a man other than her spouse, whether he is married or not married, her children by that man are not only illegitimate but they are considered bastards and are forbidden to marry any other Jews except converts and other bastards. This ban is handed down to the children's descendants for ten generations until the taint of adultery is presumably weakened.
The Koran on the other hand, has a different view to adultery than the ones stated previously. Adultery is defined in the Koran as any illicit sexual intercourse committed by a married man or a married woman in an extramarital affair. It is as forbidden in Islam as it is in the other religions, "Do not commit adultery, for it is foul and improper" (Koran 17:32). Islam also punishes the adulterer and the adulteress but less severely than the bible does, “The adulteress and the adulterer you shall whip each of them a hundred lashes.” (Koran 24:2).
Among the few precepts of Islam, which Muslims still faithfully observe to the present day is the considerate treatment of mothers. “A man asked the Prophet: 'Whom should I honor most?' The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother!'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your father'" (Bukhari and Muslim). Mothers in religion are very sacred and should be treated with the utmost respect. There is a very exceptional place for mothers in Islam. This place has been eloquently described by the prophet when he was asked about the person who should be honored and respected the most. The honor that Muslim mothers receive from their children is simply astonishing and extremely exemplary. The powerfully warm relations between Muslim mothers and their offspring, including the deep respect with which Muslim men approach their mothers usually surprises westerners. This is all as a consequence of the teachings of the Koran; “And We have enjoined on man to be good to his parents: In travail upon travail did his mother bear him and in two years was his weaning. Show gratitude to Me and to your parents" (Koran 31:14).
One has to respect his or her mother in Islam. The honor and esteem attached to motherhood in the Koran is unparalleled. The second thing to worshipping God in the Koran is the importance of being kind to parents, “Your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him, And that you be kind to parents. Whether one or both of them attain old age in your life, Say not to them a word of contempt, nor repel them, but address them in terms of honor. And out of kindness, lower to them the wing of humility, and say: 'My Lord! Bestow on them Your Mercy as they cherished me in childhood' " (Koran 17:23-24).
The Old Testament is no different, in several places it commands kind and considerate treatment of the parents and condemns them those who dishonors them, "If anyone curses his father or mother, he must be put to death" (Leviticus 20:9) Another example would be, "A wise man brings joy to his father but a foolish man despises his mother" (Proverbs 15:20). Even though honoring the father is mentioned in several places, "A wise man heeds his father's instruction" (Proverbs 13:1), the mother being honored alone is never mentioned in the book.
Female inheritance is a very vital aspect in the protection of women by religion. This issue poses the greatest difference between the status of women in the three main religions. The Biblical attitude towards female inheritance has been succinctly described by Rabbi Epstein in the following quote:
"The continuous and unbroken tradition since the Biblical days gives the female members of the household, wife and daughters, no right of succession to the family estate. In the more primitive scheme of succession, the female members of the family were considered part of the estate and as remote from the legal personality of an heir as the slave. Whereas by Mosaic enactment the daughters were admitted to succession in the event of no male issue remained, the wife was not recognized as heir even in such conditions." (Epstein 175).
When Rabbi Epstein was asked about the reason behind female members of a family being an element in the inheritance of property, he said, “They are owned before marriage by the father; after marriage, by the husband.” (Epstein 175). To my understanding the Rabbi unmistakably viewed women as objects to be inherited with a piece of property. In my humble opinion, I find this to be an exploitation of women and their rights as human beings. Women are not objects, they play an important role in our society: they are the mothers, sisters, wives, and daughters of humankind.
In the book of Numbers (27:1-11), the biblical rules of female inheritance are clearly stated. If a wife dies, her husband becomes her first beneficiary regardless to whether she has sons or not. Ironically, when a husband dies, his spouse has absolutely no inheritance rights to his estates. Although, a daughter may be able to inherit if no male heirs exist. Widows and daughters are the ones that go under the harshest regulations. In cases of male offspring remaining, they will be at the mercy of the male heirs for provision. This is why widows and female orphans are among the most destitute members of the Jewish society.
Christianity is not very different and has precisely followed the same path. Both the ecclesiastical and civil laws of Christendom excluded daughters from sharing with their brothers in the case of the father's patrimony. The same restrictions concerning wives with inheritance apply to Christians as they did to Jewish women: they had no right of inheritance at the demise of a spouse. These iniquitous laws survived up till the previous century.
Prior to Islam, pagan Arabs confined inheritance rights exclusively to male relatives of the deceased. After the descent of the Koran on civilization, this unjust custom was immediately abolished, “From what is left by parents and those nearest related there is a share for men and a share for women, whether the property be small or large - a determinate share" (Koran 4:7). The main cause behind the determinate share, which is a ratio of 2:1 where the male inherits double what a female inherits, is because of responsibility. A man needs to rear a family without the monetary help of his spouse; his wife is not obligated by any accord to participate in acquiring money. Her property and earnings are for her use alone except for what she may voluntarily offer her husband. These rights were given to Muslim women thirteen hundred years preceding the acknowledgement of female inheritance in Europe.
The veil is a garment, a length of cloth, worn by a woman to cover her head, her body, and sometimes her face. In the west, the head cover in Islam is considered as the greatest symbol of women's oppression, servitude, forced silence, and radical unconscionable militancy. The veil or, “the hijab” in Islam, is embraced not only in the Koran but in the Bible and the Torah as well. Muslim women observe the veil because the Koran, which consists of the words of God, orders them to do so: "O Prophet, tell your wives and daughters and the believing women to draw their outer garments around them (when they go out or are among men). That is better in order that they may be known (to be Muslims) and not molested." (Koran 33:59). The word “hijab” is derived from the word “hajaba” meaning to hide from view or to conceal. In this present time, the context of hijab is the modest covering of a Muslim woman.
The veil was not adorned among the women of Quraish (The kin of the prophet’s wife) nor in the early stages of the Islamic religion when dressing up and beautifying one’s self with ornaments were in the traditional Arab styles. The adorning of the veil was initiated when men came to the prophet to gain knowledge of Islam. The wives of the prophet were exposed to these men, since the men entered and departed the prophet’s house on a regular basis. God ordered them to conceal them selves and embellish the head covering as a bulwark to them. The Islamic veil is merely a sign of modesty with the purpose of protection. In reality, Islam did not invent the head cover but it did endorse it. The Koran clearly states that Muslims should lower the gaze of their eyes in order to preserve modesty, as it does to the head cover.
“Say to the believing man that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that will make for greater purity for them; and Allah is well acquainted with all that they do. And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; and that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what must ordinarily appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands." (Koran 24:30-31)
The Koran is extremely concerned with the protection of women. A woman’s body and reputation is as sacred as saving one’s virginity until marriage. A man who dares to falsely claim a woman of unchastity will be punished severely, "And those who launch a charge against chaste women, and produce not four witnesses (to support their allegations)- Flog them with eighty stripes; and reject their evidence ever after: for such men are wicked transgressors" (Koran 24:4).
The Christian tradition is not very different. It is extremely eminent and widely known that Catholic Nuns have been cloaking their heads for several hundreds of years. In the New Testament, St. Paul made various statements concerning the adorning of head covers:
“And every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head--it is just as though her head were shaved. If a woman does not cover her head, she should have her hair cut off; and if it is a disgrace for a woman to have her hair cut or shaved off, she should cover her head. A man ought not to cover his head, since he is the image and glory of God; but the woman is the glory of man. For man did not come from woman, but woman from man; neither was man created for woman, but woman for man. For this reason, and because of the angels, the woman ought to have a sign of authority on her head. In the Lord, however, woman is not independent of man, nor is man independent of woman. For as woman came from man, so also man is born of woman. But everything comes from God. Judge for yourselves: Is it proper for a woman to pray to God with her head uncovered? Does not the very nature of things teach you that if a man has long hair, it is a disgrace to him, but that if a woman has long hair, it is her glory? For long hair is given to her as a covering.” (1 Corinthians 11:5-15.)
St. Paul clearly stated above that women should wear their veils and that those who refuse should have their hair shaven off. At that time, only a harlot shaved or cut her hair off. St. Paul’s justification for concealing women is that the head cover represents a sign of the authority of the man, who is the image of God, over the woman who is created from and for man: “Now I want you to realize that the head of the woman is man, and the head of Christ is God. Every man who prophesies with his head covered dishonors his head.” (1 Corinthians 11:3-4) The reason for the veil as offered by Church leaders is the same rationale St. Paul warranted in the New Testament. For some odd reason, St. Paul said that if a lady has long hair then it is her cover. Does that mean that women with short hair only should wear coverings? This contradiction is very evident in the first quote and I am not sure how women should approach the subject of veiling in Christianity. The Bible protects Christian women too but not to the same extent that the Koran does. According to the Bible, “If a man happens to meet a virgin who is not pledged to be married and rapes her and they are discovered, he shall pay the girl’s father fifty shekels of silver. He must marry the girl, for he has violated her. He can never divorce her as long as he lives.” (Deuteronomy 22:28-30) The question that I ask here is who is really punished for the crime, the brutal rapist or the poor victim? Would a woman really want to marry her rapist? In this case, any man who finds a woman suitable as a wife and was rejected by her can simply rape her and announce his crime.
The veil is also a deep-rooted tradition in the Jewish culture. As indicated by Rabbi Dr. Menachem M. Brayer, a professor of biblical literature at Yeshiva University, in his book ‘The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature,’ “It was the custom of Jewish women to go out in public with a head covering which, sometimes, even covered the whole face leaving one eye free” (Brayer 22). This head covering occasionally covered the whole face albeit one eye, which is left blatant. He quoted several famous senectitude Rabbi’s saying, “It is not like the daughters of Israel to walk out with heads uncovered,” and “cursed be the man who lets the hair of his wife be seen, a woman who exposes her hair for self-adornment brings poverty.” Even the recitation of prayers and blessings are forbidden by rabbinic laws in the presence of bareheaded married women, since uncovering the woman’s hair is considered “nudity”. Dr. Brayer explains in his book that the veil of a Jewish woman was not just considered as a sign of mere modesty. It is also regarded as the symbolization of distinction and luxury rather than plain austere modesty. The head covering personified the dignity and superiority of noble women. It also represented a woman’s inaccessibility as a sanctified possession of her spouse.
It is incredibly lucid in the Old Testament that uncovering a woman’s head was a great disgrace and that is why the priest had to expose the suspected adulteress in her trial by ordeal:
“Then the priest shall bring her near and have her stand before the lord, and the priest shall take holy water in an earthenware vessel; and he shall take some of the dust that is on the floor of the tabernacle and put it into the water. The priest shall then have the woman stand before the lord and let the hair of the woman's head go loose, and place the grain offering of memorial in her hands, which is the grain offering of jealousy, and in the hand of the priest is to be the water of bitterness that brings a curse.” (Numbers 5:16-18)
The veil signified a woman’s self-respect and social status. Lower class women often wore head coverings in order to give the impression of a higher status. The verity that the veil was a distinction between graciousness and insolence forbade prostitutes from adorning the head covering.
Prior to Islam, Arab men used to bury a child if it was from a female gender. Females were worthless and were not given the chance of life. Differences in the Biblical books and the Koran regarding females are initiated the moment the female is born. The Bible states that the period of the mother's ritual impurity is twice as long if a girl is born than if a boy is (Leviticus 12:2-5). This is not the sole indication that women are worthless in the holy books, the Old Testament bluntly states the worth of a woman, "The birth of a daughter is a loss" (Ecclesiastes 22:3) A daughter is not only considered a painful burden, but also a potential source of shame for her parent, "Your daughter is headstrong. Keep a sharp look-out that she doesn't make you the laughingstock of your enemies, the talk of the town, the object of common gossip, and put you to public shame."(Ecclesiastes 42:11)
It was this very same idea of treating daughters as sources of shame that led the pagan Arabs, before the advent of Islam, to practice female infanticide. The Koran severely condemned this heinous practice, “When news is brought to one of them of the birth of a female child, his face darkens and he is filled with inward grief. With shame does he hide himself from his people because of the bad news he has had! Shall he retain her on contempt or bury her in the dust? Ah! What an evil they decide on?" (Koran16:59)
As we can see, women are not second-class citizens in most cases in religion. Women are respected courteously as they should be. The other thing that was gained from this research is that overall; the three religions are based on very similar foundations. The Books of God (Torah, Bible, Koran) have frequently spoken of the rights of women and acknowledged them as full partners in the human venture of history. In the eyes of religion, women are not sinners as they were viewed through history, they are the essence of this world.
2007-04-13 14:43:07
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answer #1
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answered by Anonymous
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A genesis story is common in all theistic religions, not just in christianity. That particular story comes from Babylon, a civilization in existence at the same time that the tribe of Israel was in existence.....and is traceable about word for word. (and many of the things in the bible are traceable to the Egyptian book of the dead --- some word for word. Tribes and civilizations all over the middle east shared not only manufactured good, raw materials, but stories and lore as well..) And besides, you must remember, than in the middle east, then, just as now, women really weren't then, and aren't now considered much above cattle. In Saudi Arabia even today, in many of the villages, a woman cannot go out in the streets without a male companion --- even if that male companion is a 4 year old child...
Thus as a piece of history, the adam and eve thing it is interesting, but certainly not to be taken seriously.....any more than the three bears and goldilocks...... And if you want to read real injustices, read Judges, or Numbers, where god gives men permission to violate women, but not men --- indeed offers them up. (Genesis 19,5, 7-8, as I remember. and check Judges 19:29, to see again, how women are treated. and Judges, 23-24. As well, in Judges, ch 11, a guy made a deal with god , that if he were given the power to defeat his enemies, he'd sacrifice the first thing that come thru his door.... it was his daughter... she got cooked. But of course Abraham didn't get to sacrifice his son, god changed his mind with a male child. (for which Abraham would be up for child abuse, and the other guy for murder in today's world.)
Don't look to holy books---any holly book-- for truth, hon, nor examples of morality or anything but some interesting history.....people who do, are "cafeteria-style christians" and really haven't read the bible at all, any more than most muslims really haven't read the koran.
2007-04-13 15:39:16
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answer #4
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answered by April 6
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