what are the procedures (prequiste) to transplant the kidney?

Answer 1

Kidney transplant

A kidney transplant is surgery to replace your own diseased kidneys with a healthy (donor) kidney. See an illustration of a kidney transplant. There are two types of donors:

* Living donors. A living donor may be a family member, a friend, a coworker, or any person who is willing to give a kidney to someone in need. A person only needs one healthy kidney to live.
* Cadaver donors. A cadaver donor is someone who has recently died. Most donor kidneys come from this source.

In both cases, the key to success is having the closest possible blood and tissue matches. A family member is not always the best match.

You will need to have tests to make sure the donor kidney matches your tissue type and blood type. This helps reduce the chances that your body will reject the new kidney. You will also be evaluated to make sure that you do not have significant heart or lung disease or other diseases, such as cancer, which might decrease your life span.

Kidney transplant surgery takes about 3 hours. During surgery, the donor kidney will be placed in your lower abdomen, blood vessels from the donor kidney will be connected to arteries and veins in your body, and the ureter from the donor kidney will be connected to your bladder. Blood is then able to flow through the new kidney, and the kidney will begin to filter and remove wastes and to produce urine.

The new kidney usually begins to function right away. In most cases, diseased or damaged kidneys are not removed unless you have a severe infection of the kidney (pyelonephritis), kidney cancer, nephrotic syndrome, or extremely large polycystic kidneys.
What To Expect After Surgery

You will have to stay in the hospital for 7 to 10 days after you receive your new kidney. In some cases, it may take time for your new kidney to produce urine, so you may have to receive dialysis and take medicines, such as diuretics, that help your new kidney get rid of excess water and salt from your body.

After the surgery you will have to take medicines, such as prednisone, azathioprine, and cyclosporine, to suppress your immune system. These medications are used to help keep your body from rejecting your new kidney. You will need to take these medicines for the rest of your life.

During the first weeks to months after your surgery, your body may try to reject your new kidney. This is called acute rejection and occurs in 25% to 55% of people after transplant. Most of the time, acute rejection can be treated with immunosuppressive medications.

Chronic rejection is a process of gradual, progressive loss of kidney function and can occur many months to several years after your surgery. Experts don't fully understand what causes chronic rejection. There is no treatment for chronic rejection; most people go back on dialysis or have another transplant.
Why It Is Done

During kidney transplant surgery, a healthy kidney (donor kidney) replaces the lost function of your own damaged kidneys. Kidney transplant is used when you have severe chronic kidney disease (renal failure) that cannot be reversed by another treatment method. You will not be able to have this surgery if you have an active infection, another life-threatening disease such as cancer, or severe heart or lung disease.
How Well It Works

If you have severe chronic kidney disease and choose to have a kidney transplant, you may live longer than if you choose only to treat your kidney disease with dialysis alone. Survival rates after a kidney transplant are:1, 2

* 92% at 1 year.
* 80% at 5 years.
* 54% at 10 years.

Transplants using a kidney from a first-degree relative, such as your father, mother, brother, or sister, are the most successful. Success rates are better when people have a transplant before kidney failure becomes so severe that they need dialysis.2, 3
Risks

The risks of having a kidney transplant include:

* Rejection of the new kidney.
* Severe infection.
* Bleeding.
* Reaction to the anesthesia used for surgery.
* Failure of the donor kidney.

What To Think About

Kidney transplant may be a better treatment for you than dialysis, because survival rates are better after transplant. You will also be able to live a more normal life, because you won't have to receive dialysis 3 times each week. Although a kidney transplant is an expensive procedure, it may actually be less costly than long-term dialysis treatments.

There is often a long wait before you receive a donor kidney, and there is no guarantee that the transplant will be successful. Fewer complications develop in people who are good candidates for surgery and who do not have other serious medical conditions, such as unstable coronary artery disease or cancer, that may limit their life expectancy.

Not everyone is able to have a kidney transplant. You will not usually have a kidney transplant if you have an active infection or another life-threatening disease, such as cancer or significant heart or lung disease.

After having a kidney transplant, you will have to take medicines that suppress your immune system (immunosuppressive medications), such as prednisone, azathioprine, and cyclosporine, to help prevent your body from rejecting the new kidney. You will need to take these medicines for the rest of your life. Because these medicines weaken your immune system, you will have an increased risk for developing serious infections. There is also the chance that your body may still reject your new kidney despite these medicines. If this happens, you will have to start dialysis and possibly wait for another kidney transplant.

Immunosuppressive medicines also increase your risk of other diseases, such as skin cancer, lymphoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma. You have a greater risk of developing diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, cataracts, and inflammation of the liver (cirrhosis) if you are taking these medicines.

Complete the surgery information form (PDF)(What is a PDF document?) to help you prepare for this surgery.

Answer 2

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Answer 3

2

Answer 4

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Answer 5

Are you asking about the surgical procedures??? No way am I going to spend 2 hours typing that. And what do you mean by "prerequisites"???? This isn't college. Could you possibly have meant what are the criteria for the necessity of transplantation?

If I'm way off base in my attempts to interpret your question and second-guess you, I apologize. Perhaps you can add an addendum clarifying what it is you wish to know.

Answer 6

PROCEDURE FOR THE KIDNEY RECIPIENT

While the patient is unconscious and pain-free (under general anesthesia), an incision is made in the lower abdomen. The new kidney is stitched into place within the pelvis and the incision is closed.

Answer 7

Kidney transplantation means replacement of the failed kidneys with a working kidney from another person, called a donor. Kidney transplantation is not a complete cure, although many people who receive a kidney transplant are able to live much as they did before their kidneys failed. People who receive a transplant must take medication and be monitored by a physician who specializes in kidney disease (nephrologist) for the rest of their lives. The transplantation itself is a surgical operation. The surgeon places the new kidney in your abdomen and attaches it to the artery that supplied blood to one of your kidneys and to the vein that carries blood away from the kidney. The kidney is also attached to the ureter, which carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. Your own kidneys are usually left in place unless they are causing you problems, such as infection.If you are considered eligible for a transplant, every effort will be made to find a donor among your family members (who are most likely to match) and friends. If no suitable donor can be found, your name will be added to the waiting list for a donor kidney.
The most critical part of kidney transplantation is preventing rejection of the graft kidney.

Different transplant centers use different drug combinations to fight rejection of a transplanted kidney.


The drugs work by suppressing your immune system, which is programmed to reject anything "foreign," such as a new organ.


Like any medication, these drugs can have unpleasant side effects.


Some of the most common immune-suppressing drugs used in transplantation are described here.


Cyclosporine: This drug interferes with communication between the T cells of the immune system. It is started immediately after the transplant to suppress your immune system and continued indefinitely. Common side effects include tremor, high blood pressure, and kidney damage. These side effects are usually related to the dose and can often be reversed with proper dosing.


Corticosteroids: These drugs block T-cell communication as well. They are usually given at high doses for a short period immediately after the transplant and again if rejection is suspected. Corticosteroids have many different side effects, including easy bruising of the skin, osteoporosis, avascular necrosis (bone death), high blood pressure, high blood sugar, stomach ulcers, weight gain, acne, mood swings, and a round face. Because of these side effects, many transplant centers are trying to reduce the maintenance dose of the drug as much as possible or even to replace it with other drugs.


Azathioprine: This drug slows the production of T cells in the immune system. Azathioprine is usually used for long-term maintenance of immunosuppression. The most common side effects of this drug are suppression of the bone marrow, which produces blood cells, and liver damage. Many transplant centers are now using a newer drug called mycophenolate mofetil instead of azathioprine.


Newer antirejection drugs include tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mizoribin, among others. These drugs are now being used to try to reduce side effects and to replace drugs after episodes of rejection.


Other costly and experimental treatments include using antibodies to attack specific parts of the immune system to decrease its response.


This list is administered by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, which maintains a centralized database of everyone waiting for a transplant and of living donors.


OPTC is run by the United Network for Organ Sharing, a private nonprofit organization.


Every new kidney that becomes available is tested and checked against this list to find the most perfect match.

Answer 8

I couldn't just sit around and do nothing like my doctors suggested.

They didn't want me to do anything or to take herbs or herbal remedies, but I had to try something - they just wanted me to do dialysis!

This program allowed me to take control of my health. I went from Stage 4 to Stage 3 kidney disease.

It was easy to do and my BUN, creatinine and anemia are all in better ranges.

Reversing Your Kidney Disease?

Answer 9

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Answer 10

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