what is the most challenging ophthalmological conditions?

Question

in egypt or in middle east

Answer 1

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or dry eye, can at times progress to a serious condition of corneal keratinization, ulceration, and scarring.

Retinal diseases vary widely -- some are common and easily remedied, while others are rare, more difficult to diagnose and require more complex treatment.

Retinal detachment A serious eye disease that requires prompt treatment
Diabetic retinopathy A medical term for damage to the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina, and the complications diabetes causes
Epiretinal membrane Also known as macular pucker, epiretinal membrane is scar tissue-like membrane that grows on the macula and causes vision problems
Macular hole The macula is the retinal tissue at the center of the retina responsible for central vision
Age-related macular degeneration.

A serious eye disease that requires prompt treatment, retinal detachment occurs when the gel-like substance that fills the eye cavity (vitreous) begins to sag and shrink with age. While this shifting occurs in most peoples' eyes as they age, it becomes dangerous quickly if the retina tears. When fluid from the vitreous begins to leak through the tear under the retina, the retina may begin to peel away from the underlying layer. The patient begins to lose vision in the areas where the retina is detached; if left untreated, this condition can lead to permanent and severe vision loss.

Warning signs often appear before retinal detachment occurs, and prompt treatment is almost always successful in preserving vision. Patients should be aware that symptoms such as flashes of light or "cobwebs" floating in the field of vision could signal a serious problem that requires immediate medical attention.

Various treatments are available for retinal tears and detachment. If the retina is torn without detachment, either photocoagulation (creating small burns on the retina) or cryopexy (freezing small areas of the retina) are effective in holding the retina to the underlying tissue and preventing retinal detachment and vision loss. If the retina is already detached, surgeries such as pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckling or vitrectomy may be performed.

Answer 2

Macular degeneration complicated by anti-coagulant therapy.
Age-related macular degeneration is atrophy or degeneration of the macula. It is a common cause of worsening central vision in elderly patients. Funduscopic findings are diagnostic; fluorescein angiography assists in directing treatment. Treatment is with laser photocoagulation and low-vision devices.
Anti-coagulant therapy causes more bleeding in the retina and it is a risk factor particularly in diabetic patients.
Please see the web pages for more details on Macular degeneration.

Answer 3

retinitis pigmentosa