who invented video cameras and when?

Question

i am doing a report on video cameras and need help

Answer 1

The 1930s was the earliest date with the BBC doing work.

The earliest video cameras were those of John Logie Baird, based on the electromechanical Nipkow disk and used by the BBC in experimental broadcasts through the 1930s.

In the late 1940s the US started doing practical work in the field.

In 1922, Philo Farnsworth, a teenage farmboy from Idaho, discovered that one could use a cathode ray tube to generate an electrical television signal without the need for a mechanical scanning device. The image dissector focused an image onto a layer of cesium oxide, which emitted electrons proportional to the intensity of the light. Only a small portion of the electron stream passed through an aperture to the electron collecting plate, representing a single point of the television image. Electromagnets were used to focus and deflect the electrons so that the total image was sequentially scanned.

Farnsworth's Image Dissector was successfully demonstrated and patent applications were made in 1927. This was the first successful demonstration of a fully electronic television system. Farnsworth continued making improvements to his system, and by 1929, image clarity and number of lines of resolution exceeded the achievements of the mechanical television systems.

The Image Dissector is not very efficient because the bulk of the electrons produced do not pass through the apperture and are discarded. Very bright lighting is required for it to be used as a television camera.

The Iconoscope invented by Vladimir Zworykin improved on Farnsworth's invention by combining the photosensitive material at each point with a capacitor so that all the electrons were captured. A separate beam of electrons was then used to scan over the image surface, resulting in an electrical current proportional to the quantity of stored electrons at each point.

The Farnsworth Image Dissector was commercially produced for applications where very bright lighting existed, such as monitoring the interior of industrial furnaces.

Farnsworth also earned income from the production of the Iconoscope television cameras, because Zworykin's device was based on several patents that Farnsworth owned.

The Iconoscope was an early television camera tube in which a beam of high-velocity electrons scans a photoemissive mosaic. Designed by Vladimir Zworykin in 1929, it was the first practical all-electronic camera tube and replaced earlier electrical and mechanical combinations such as Nipkow's disk. The iconoscope was later replaced, but it laid the foundations for early television cameras.

There is some similarity between the Iconoscope and EMI's Emitron camera developed primarily by J D McGee, and in theory the EMI team under Isaac Shoenberg may have had access to some RCA research under a patent-sharing agreement. However when Zworykin published a paper on the Iconoscope in 1933, Shoenberg concluded that EMI was ahead technologically and had little to learn from Zworykin's development, turning down an offer of technical assistance from RCA.


Design
Images were projected onto a photosensitive plate, which broke up the image into thousands of picture elements now known as "pixels." A scanning electron beam traversed the face of the plate, "charging" all the pixels. Each pixel retained an electrical charge proportional to the light energy initially projected onto it which was fed to the output of the camera. In this way, a visual image was converted to an electrical signal. There had been other attempts to produce an all-electronic camera tube, but the Zworykin model was easier to manufacture and produced a very clear image. One drawback was that it required very bright, hot lights in the television studio. While it began to be replaced in the 1940's with better technology, many of the basic concepts were retained, such as the use of a photosensitive plate and the scanning electron beam.

The image orthicon tube (often abbreviated as IO) was common until the 1960s. A combination of Farnsworth's image dissector and RCA's orthicon technologies, it replaced the iconoscope/orthicon, which required a great deal of light to work adequately. While the iconoscope and the intermediate orthicon used capacitance between a multitude of small but discrete light sensitive collectors and an isolated signal plate for reading video information, the IO employed direct charge readings off of a continuous electronically charged collector. The resultant signal was immune to most extraneous signal "crosstalk" from other parts of the target, and could yield extremely detailed images. For instance, IO cameras were used for capturing Apollo/Saturn rockets nearing orbit long after the networks had phased them out, as only they could provide sufficient detail.

A properly constructed image orthicon could take television pictures by candlelight owing to the more ordered light-sensitive area and the presence of an electron multiplier at the base of the tube, which operated as a high-efficiency amplifier. It also had a logarithmic light sensitivity curve similar to the human eye, so the picture looked more natural. Its defect was that it tended to flare if a shiny object in the studio caught a reflection of a light, generating a dark halo around the object on the picture. Image orthicons were used extensively in the early color television cameras, where their increased sensitivity was essential to overcome their very inefficient optical system.

An engineer's nickname for the tube was the "immy", which later was feminized to become the "Emmy".

Summary of IO Operation: An IO consists of three parts: an image store ("target"), a scanner that reads this image (an electron gun), and a multiplicative amplifier. In the image store, light falls upon a photosensitive plate, and is converted into an electron image (borrowed from Farnsworth's image dissector). These electrons ("rain") are then accelerated towards the target, causing a "splash" of electrons to be discharged (secondary electrons). Each image electron ejects, on average, more than one "splash" electron, and these excess electrons are soaked up by a positively-charged mesh very near and parallel to the target (the image electrons also pass through this mesh, whose positive charge also helps to accelerate the image electrons). The result is an image painted in positive charge, with the brightest portions having the largest positive charge.

A sharply focused beam of electrons (a cathode ray) is then scanned over the back side of the target. The electrons are slowed down just before reaching the target so that they are absorbed without ejecting more electrons. This adds negative charge to the positive charge until the region being scanned reaches some threshold negative charge, at which point the scanning electrons are reflected rather than absorbed. These reflected electrons return down the cathode ray tube toward an electron detector (multiplicative amplifier) surrounding the electron gun. The number of reflected electrons is a measure of the target's original positive charge, which, in turn, is a measure of brightness. In analogy with the image dissector, this beam of electrons is scanned around the target so that the image is read one small portion at a time.

History
1926 to 1933 "Cameras" were a type of flying spot scanner using mechanical disk.
1936 saw the arrival of RCA's iconoscope camera.
1946 RCA's TK-10 studio camera used 3" IO - Image Orthicon Tube with a 4 lens turret. The RCA TK-30 (1946) was widely used as a Field Camera.
The 1948 Dumont Marconi MK IV was a Image Orthicon Camera. Marconi's first camera was shown in 1938. - link to MK IV. EMI cameras from the UK, were used in the US in the early 1960s, like the EMI 203/4. - Ext. link. Later in the 60s the EMI 2000 an EMI 2001.
In 1950 the arrival of the Vidicon camera tube made smaller cameras possible. 1952 saw the first Walkie-Lookie "portable cameras". Image Orthicon tubes were still used till the arrival of the Plumbicon.
The RCA TK-40 is considered to be the first color television camera for broadcasts in 1953. RCA continued it lead in the high-end camera market till the (1978) TK-47, last of the high-end tub cameras. - Link to History of TV Books online
Ikegami introducted the first truely portable hand-held TV camera in 1962.
Philips' line of Norelco cameras were also very popular like models PC-60 (1965), PC-70 (1967) and PCP-90 (1968 Handheld). Philips/BTS-Broadcast Television Systems Inc. later came out with a LDK line of camera, like its last high end tube camera the LDK 6 (1982). Philips invented the Plumbicon pick up Video camera tube in 1965, that gave tube cameras a cleaner picture. BTS introduced its first HandHeld Frame transfer CCD- Charge-coupled device-CCD camera the LDK90 in 1987.
Bosch Fernseh marketed a line of high end cameras (KCU, KCN, KCP, KCK) in the US ending with the tube camera KCK-40 (1978). Image Transform (inUniversal City) used specially modified 24 frame KCK-40 for their "Image Vision" system. This had a 10Mhz bandwidth twice NTSC resolution. This was a custom pre HDTV video System. At its peak this system was used to make "Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl" in 1982. This was the first major DI digital intermediate post production using a Film recorder for Film out.

Answer 2

Who Invented The Video Camera

Answer 3

No one. Who invented computers? But try wikipedia and see what you get. Hope this helps!

Answer 4

einstein invented them and in the year 1

Answer 5

RCA in the early 60's and were manufactured by JapaneseVictor (a joint RCA/ Japanese co.)This was followed by Sony a year later.