what are exploratory, descriptive & causal types of research?

Question

explain with example of each type

Answer 1

Exploratory research - Where the researcher does not know the actual problem and the ways and means of searching the solution for the problem encountered. You have no secondary data or litereature review or guidance for this research design.

Descriptive research - In this case the researcher exactly knows what has to be studied and where to look for the solution. Secondary data and literature review are available in this case.

Causal research - This is undertaken to find out whether any relationship exists between two variables - one being the cause and the other being the result.

Answer 2

Exploratory Research Example

Answer 3

Exploratory research is the broadest and least theoreticaly-grounded of the three types of research. Essentially, you have no starting theory or hypothesis about a probem. In fact, you don't even know if there is a problem to begin with. In exploratory research, you simply start collecting information about something. It is similar to data mining, and it does not always produce results that can be useful. However, it generally gives you a better idea about something.

Descriptive research is, in a way, a higher level than exploratory research, because now we actually want to know something specific in nature and we then go about collecting that information (that is, we have a known set of parameters beforehand that we want to collect data about). Say we want to collect data about NASA astronauts' characteristics and we measure their height, weight, IQ, etc.. These measurements give us a clear idea or picture aboout the astronauts. We collect specific types of data that better describe an object, a person, or some phenomenon, but we know beforehand what we want to measure. We don't have a theory yet, however. For example, we don't theorize that NASA astronauts have higher IQ's than the rest of the population because they eat more cookies (a silly theory, of course).

Causal research uses data that we know we want to measure beforehand, so it is similar to descriptive research in some ways. But now we're not only collecting specific data, we want to prove (or disprove) a theory. Say we feel that people who sleep longer at night have better productivity at work. We expect to find that there will be a correlation between longer sleep at night and better work performance. We will collect data and model it in such a way that our theory becomes the most likely, the most plausible explanation. The biggest danger of causal research is to assume that if we find two things that are correlated with each other, that one must cause the other. Always heed the warning that "Correlation isn't always causation". Good causal research involves a lot of controls, which are variables that we include in a model so that alternative explanations can be eliminated.

Causal research can use either an experimental or an observational research design. That means we can either"observe" an item or person or population of interest and collect the data without modifying anything (a survey is a good example of observational research), or we can actually tinker with the item of interest by changing certain things. For example, in an experiment, we might give one group of people a sugar pill that has no effect (this is also known as a placebo) while another group would receive an actual drug. We have "tinkered" with our subjects here because we're not just collecting data- we are changing some aspect of the environment so that we obtain useful information. We might find that the experimental drug helps people reduce stomach acidty more so than does the sugar pill. Almost all experimental research involves an experimental group (the one, here, with the real drug) and a control group (the one with the fake "drug"). Experiments may have many control and experimental groups.

After we obtain our observational or experimental data, we can model that data so we can evaluate a theory or hypothesis ("Drug X helps people reduce stomach acidity".) Even surveys can be used to evaluate a theory, although they are observational in nature.

Answer 4

Causal Research

Answer 5

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Answer 6

well-said and well-explained !thank u