Irritable Bowel Syndrome:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a chronic non-inflammatory disease also called spastic colon or irritable colon. There are two types. One is characterized by abdominal pain alternating with constipation and diarrhea. The other type is painless and is characterized by constant or intermittent diarrhea.
Causes: are unknown, but are usually hereditary and worsened by emotional stress, and by certain foods such as chocolate, milk products, alcohol, and caffeine.
Symptoms: abdominal pain alternating between diarrhea and constipation, crampy gassiness and bloating. The urge to have a bowel movement, but the inability to do so.
Treatment: Proper diet. High fiber diet. Small frequent meals. Fiber supplements. Medicines which decrease action of colon such as anticholinergic agents such as Librax, Bentyl, Levsyn and Pamine has been widely used. Newer agents such as Tegaserod appear promising in constipation predominant IBS. Tranquilizers or antidepressants may be prescribed.
Crohn’s Disease:
Crohn’s Disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which affects all the layers of the lining of the digestive tract. This can occur anywhere from the mouth to the anus. However, the ileum is the most common site. It is also called regional enteritis or ileitis. It can be hereditary in nature. The cause is unknown. Hereditarily predisposed individuals may get first onset of Crohns disease after an infectious gastroenteritis.
Symptoms: abdominal pain, bloating after meals, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, failure to thrive in kids. Bloody diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever and chills, loss of appetite and weight loss may also be present. Crohns disease can also present as appendicitis, abscess or fistula formation.
Complications: intestinal blockage from the swelling or inflammation can occur as well as the build up of scar tissue. “Tunnels” or fistulas in surrounding tissue such as toward the bladder, vagina, or skin may occur and need surgical intervention. Swelling also interferes with the necessary absorption of nutrients therefore, malnutrition can occur. Crohn’s disease has also been associated with arthritis, kidney, and gallstones, and liver disease.
Treatment: Anti-inflammatory medication is generally prescribed, as well as corticosteroids. Antibiotics may also be needed. Medications can also be given to suppress the immune system. High fiber foods and foods high in fat may aggravate symptoms. Nutritional supplements high in calories are sometimes required. Antidiarrheals may help. Remicade, a drug given intravenously, has been proven effective in some cases. Surgery may be necessary if complications arise.
Ulcerative Colitis:
Ulcerative Colitis is another type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The cause is unknown, however it can be hereditary. This type of IBD affects only the superficial or innermost layer of the lining of the colon, usually in the rectum and lower colon. Ulcers form in places where inflammation has killed cells lining the colon. Ulcers bleed and produce pus and mucus.
Symptoms: Frequent watery stools containing mucus and pus, and blood. Abdominal pain and/or tenderness can be present. Occasionally fever is present. The urgency to have a bowel movement is present. Fatigue and joint pain are common complaints. Most generally, this disease affects people between the ages of 15-40.
Complications: In a worse case scenario hemorrhage and perforation of the bowel could occur which would require immediate surgery. Sometimes diarrhea can become severe enough to cause dehydration and require hospitalization for a special diet and fluids to be given intravenously. Extra intestinal complications of ulcerative colitis can be present such as arthritis, inflammation of sclera (outer layer of eye ball), hepatitis and scarring of the bile ducts (Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis)
Treatment: Anti-inflammatory drugs such as asacol, rowasa, cortenema, colazal, pentasa as well as steroids are prescribed. Immune system suppressing medication may also be prescribed. Antibiotics may be necessary. Avoidance of spicy foods and foods containing lactose (dairy products) proves helpful. Surgery is needed when complications arise.
Hepatitis:
Hepatitis is the inflammation or swelling of the liver which produces tenderness, and sometimes, permanent damage to the liver.
Causes: Alcohol abuse, certain drugs, and viral infections are the most common causes of hepatitis. If the inflammation lasts for more than 6 months, it is considered chronic hepatitis. There are at least 5 known types of viruses which can cause hepatitis.
1. Hepatitis A is also called infectious hepatitis. It is spread by food and water that has been contaminated with feces. This type is usually not life-threatening. But can be serious in elderly, pregnant patients and the immune suppressed.
2. Hepatitis B is also called “serum” hepatitis. It can be spread from mother to child at birth, by sexual contact, contaminated needles and contaminated blood transfusions. This can lead to scarring or Cirrhosis of the liver. Lately, medicines such as interferon and other antiviral agents are being used in some cases.
3. Hepatitis C is a viral infection that is the most common form of hepatitis. It can be spread by needles—such as those used in IV drug use, or for giving tattoos, or body piercings. Infection can also happen by sharing objects such as straws during nasal use of cocaine. The virus can possibly be transmitted sexually but this mode of transmission is rare. This can also cause scarring of the liver or Cirrhosis. This virus causes chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, and is the leading cause of liver transplant in the USA.
4. Hepatitis D can only infect people who carry the Hepatitis B virus (carriers do no exhibit the symptoms but can pass on the infection). This virus can cause disease only in the presence of Hepatitis B virus and is spread the same way as Hepatitis B.
5. Hepatitis E is similar to Hepatitis A but is most commonly found in people who live in the Indian Ocean area. It is not life-threatening.
Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms are typical. Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and muscle and joint aches are typical. Jaundice or the yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes is sometimes present. Jaundice also makes the skin dry and itchy. Some patients have no symptoms at all.
Pancreatic Disorders:
The pancreas is an organ behind the stomach that makes enzymes that aid in the digestion of food. Bile leaving the gallbladder and enzymes leaving the pancreas share the same “opening” to flow through into the duodenum. A gallstone can block this opening and fluids/bile can back up in the pancreas causing pancreatitis.
Acute Pancreatitis is when the pancreas suddenly becomes irritated or inflamed. The common cause of this could be a gallstone or from drinking alcohol. Drugs such as Imuran, 6 Mercaptopurine, many drugs used in AIDS can cause pancreatitis. The symptoms are severe pain, nausea, vomiting, swollen or tender abdomen, fever, fast pulse, and shallow fast breathing. Treatment includes fluids and nutrition given intravenously in the hospital. You would be discharged home on a low fat diet and to consume no alcoholic beverages. If the cause is gallstones, they would be treated surgically.
Chronic Pancreatitis is most often due to continued or prolonged use of alcohol. The symptoms are diarrhea, weight loss, and abdominal pain or tenderness. Complications include diabetes, malnutrition, and pancreatic cancer. Treatment includes medications to help the pancreas work and complete avoidance of any type of alcohol or offending drugs. Analgesic medicines and pancreatic enzymes are also used.
Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis:
Diverticulosis is an out-pouching in the lining of the colon. If you think of the lining of the colon as a road, a diverticuli would be a pothole. This usually has no symptoms. 50% of people age 50-80 have diverticuli. Nearly 100% of people over 80 have diverticuli.
Diverticulitis is a condition where diverticuli become inflamed or infected by food or waste matter trapped in the pouch. Only 10-25% of people with diverticuli ever develop diverticulitis. Symptoms of diverticulitis are abdominal pain and fever which require antibiotics and low residue diet to prevent perforation or an abcess from forming.
Causes: It is believed that areas of the colon wall muscle become weak and the out pouchings occur. It is also associated with lack of exercise, a diet low in fiber, ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement then straining later causes increased pressure in the colon.
Symptoms: Diverticulosis—constipation, mild pain, cramping, diarrhea, and bloating. Diverticulitis—abdominal pain, cramping usually left sided, rectal bleed, nausea, vomiting, fever, and constipation.
Treatment: A diet high in fiber and getting enough fluids daily can help with diverticulosis. For diverticulitis, antibiotics for the infection and a low fiber diet while the healing takes place, then eventually a high fiber diet when inflammation is controlled. Serious complications may include perforation, tear, blockage or bleeding at the site of infection. Severe attacks may even warrant surgical intervention.
Diarrhea:
Diarrhea is present when there are loose stools more than 3 times a day. Diarrhea usually goes away on its own, however if prolonged it can cause dehydration or fluid loss.
Causes: A reason for temporary diarrhea would be a bacterial or viral infection. If diarrhea persists for more than 3 weeks it is considered a chronic problem which could be caused by intestinal disease or surreptitious use of laxatives, Irritable Bowel Disease, Celiac Disease, food intolerance such as dairy products, parasites such as Giardia found in well water or streams, a reaction to medication like antibiotics and antacids, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, or after gallbladder surgery.
Symptoms: Crampy abdominal pain, bloating, and nausea.
Treatment: Antidiarrheal medications, fluid replacement, avoidance of milk products and greasy foods. Very high fiber, or very sweet foods may aggrevate it. Eat a bland diet such as rice, potatoes, toast, bananas, carrots, and chicken.
Immediate medical attention is needed if pain becomes severe, fever is greater than 102 degrees or there is blood present in the bowel movements. If the diarrhea has lasted longer than 3 days or if signs of dehydration are present such as thirst, decrease in the amount of urine, or urine that is dark in color, skin is dry, you are fatigued, or lightheaded you need to seek medical attention.
Cirrhosis:
Cirrhosis: When the liver has become permanently scarred or injured, the condition is called Cirrhosis. Scarring chokes the flow of blood in the liver raising pressure of blood vessels in esophagus, stomach and intestines.
Causes: In the United States, alcohol is the number one cause of cirrhosis. It can also be caused by Viral Hepatitis, hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis, alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency, hemachromatosis, Wilson’s Disease, blockage of the bile ducts, primary biliary cirrhosis. Fatty liver caused by diabetes, high blood cholesterol and obesity is increasingly being identified as cause of cirrhosis.
Symptoms: Include fatigue, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, swelling in the legs, swelling in the abdomen, easy bruising or easy bleeding. In late stage cirrhosis, jaundice or yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes is present. Also skin is itchy and gallstone formation can occur. Forgetfulness, trouble concentrating, dull mental function or coma can also appear in late stages resulting from encephalopathy. Esophageal varices or varicose veins may occur due to increased pressure in the abdomen on the portal vein, which could rupture and cause life-threatening hemorrhage.
Treatment: If drinking alcohol—STOP. If caused by hepatitis it should be treated. Decrease salt intake. Diuretics can be used to get rid of excess fluid. Lactulose helps to decrease encephalopathy. Medications can be prescribed to relieve itching. Medications to lower blood pressure such as inderal can reduce chance of varices to rupture.
Gallstones:
Bile is a liquid produced by the liver containing water, cholesterol, fat, bile salts, and bilirubin used to aid in digestion. It is stored in the gallbladder. When needed for digestion, the gallbladder contracts and pushes the bile into a tube called a duct that carries it to the small intestine. If the bile contains too much cholesterol, salts, or bilirubin it can harden and turn into stones. There are 2 kinds of stones, cholesterol and bilirubin. They can range in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball, be just one or numerous. If the stone forms at the outlet of the gallbladder it can obstruct bile flow and the gallbladder can get inflamed. If the stone slips into the bile duct and blocks opening of the pancreas it can cause acute pancreatitis.
Some people are at a higher risk to form gallstones. They are middle aged women, pregnant women, women on birth control pills or hormone therapy, Native and Mexican Americans, and men and women who are obese.
Symptoms: Include a steady severe pain in the upper abdomen, between the shoulder blades, or under the right shoulder, nausea and vomiting. Often “attacks” occur after ingesting a fatty meal causing a feeling of bloating, gas, or pressure, as well as belching, and indigestion. It may also be accompanied by yellow skin or whites of the eyes (jaundice), clay colored stools, chills, fever, and sweating.
2007-02-16 15:28:06
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answer #1
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answered by capatinpilotfriend 2
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