Genie is the English term for the Arabic ج٠(jinn). In pre-Islamic Arabic mythology and in Islam, a jinni (also "djinni" or "djini") is a member of the jinn (or "djinn"), a race of creatures. The word "jinn" literally means anything which has the connotation of concealment, invisibility, seclusion and remoteness. In English it may be loosely translated as Ghost.
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology and definitions
2 Jinn in pre-Islamic Era
3 Jinn in Islam
4 Jinn in post-Islamic Arabic Fiction
5 Genies in Western culture
6 Jinn in Popular Culture
7 Phat Genie
8 See also
9 Compare
10 References
11 External links
[edit] Etymology and definitions
Genie is the usual English translation of the Arabic term jinni, but it is not an Anglicized form of the Arabic word, as is commonly thought. The English word comes from French génie, which meant a spirit of any kind, which in turn came from Latin genius, which meant a sort of tutelary or guardian spirit thought to be assigned to each person at birth (see genius). But this has nothing to do with the jinn of Islam, as this might suggest. The Latin word predates the Arabic word jinni, and the two terms have not been shown to be related. The first recorded use of the word in English was in 1655 as geny, with the Latin meaning. The French translators of the Arabian Nights later used the word génie as a translation of jinni because it was similar to the Arabic word both in sound and in meaning; this meaning was also picked up in English and has since become dominant.
Amongst archeologists dealing with ancient Middle Eastern cultures, any mythological spirit lesser than a god is often referred to as a "genie", especially when describing stone reliefs or other forms of art. This practice draws on the original meaning of the term genie for simply a spirit of any sort.
[edit] Jinn in pre-Islamic Era
For the ancient Semites, jinn were spirits of vanished ancient peoples who acted during the night and disappeared with the first light of dawn; they could make themselves invisible or change shape into animals at will; these spirits were commonly believed to be responsible for diseases and for the manias of some lunatics. Types of jinn include the ghul ("night shade", which can change shape), the sila (which cannot change shape), the afrit [ai'fɾɪt], and "marid" [mÊ'ɾɪd]. From information in The Arabian Nights, marid seem to be the strongest form of jinn, followed by afrit, and then the rest of the jinn.
Arabs believed that the jinn were spirits of fire, although sometimes they associated them with succubi (demons in the forms of beautiful women). The feminine form of jinn is "jinniyah" or "jinneyeh".
[edit] Jinn in Islam
Muslims believe that jinn are real beings. The jinn are said to be creatures with free will, made of smokeless fire by Allah (the literal translation being "subtle fire", i.e., a fire which does not give itself away through smoke), much in the same way humans were made of clay. In Islam, unlike in Christianity and Judaism, Satan is believed to be the Father or first Jinn (Jinn were created before humans) of the Jinn race, called "Shaitan". (Jinn have free choice, and satan exploited this in front of God by refusing to bow to Adam when ordered to do so. See Shaitan). In the Qur'an, jinn are frequently mentioned and Sura 72 of the Qur'an named Al-Jinn is entirely about them. Another Sura (Al- Naas) mentions the Jinn in the last verse. In fact, it is mentioned in the Qur'an that Muhammad was sent as a prophet to both "humanity and the jinn."
The jinn have communities much like human societies: they eat, marry, die, etc. They are invisible to humans, but they can see humans. Sometimes they accidentally or deliberately come into view or into contact with humans. Jinn are believed to live much longer than humans.
Jinn are beings much like humans, possessing the ability to be good and bad. An "Ifrit" is a type of strong and powerful jinn. Evil or malicious jinn are called "Marid" usually they're malicious due to their feeling they have been usurped by humans, example "Shaitan". To protect oneself against evil jinn, Muslims say the Arabic phrase,"Bismillahi! Allahumma inna 'audhu bika minal khubthi wal khabaa'ith", or another dhikr.[1] Jinn have the power to transform into other animals and humans, and they are known to prefer the form of a snake. It is also known that they eat bones and their animals eat droppings, that is why it is forbidden to perform Istinja (washing) with those items. Jinns also have the power to possess humans and have much greater strength than them. In fact, according to some hadith, the great-grandson of Iblis, or the Devil (who was born before mankind), converted to Islam during the time of Muhammad, so he must have been thousands of years old. According to the majority of Islamic scholars, Qur'an states that the Devil was not an angel (which is believed by Christians), but a jinn who was given a higher honour and rank than angels.[2] According to Islam, angels are different physical beings,made from light and unlike the fiery nature of jinn, they are beings of goodness and cannot choose to disobey God since they do not posses free choice as humans and jinn, nor do they possess the ability to do evil.
In Islam, the jinn were said to be controllable by magically binding them to objects, as Sulayman did when he imprisoned a djinn in a copper bottle, using the Seal of Solomon.
It is said that one could kill a jinn with the Inwa, a manner of throwing the stone of a fruit so hard so it could, in fact, kill something.
Evil beings from among the jinn are roughly equivalent to the demons of Christian lore. In mythology, jinn have the ability to possess human beings, both in the sense that they persuade humans to perform actions, and like the Christian perception of demonic possession.
[edit] Jinn in post-Islamic Arabic Fiction
Evil Ifrit in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights are called "the seed of Iblis".
The Spirit of the Lamp in the story of Aladdin was such a jinni, bound to an oil lamp. Ways of summoning jinn were told in The Thousand and One Nights: by writing the name of God in Hebraic characters on a knife (whether the Hebrew name for God, Yaweh, or the Arabic Allah is used is not specified), and drawing a diagram (possibly a pentagram) and strange symbols and incantations around it.
The jinn's power of possession was also addressed in the fictional Nights. It is said that by taking seven hairs out of the tail of a cat that was all black except for a white spot on the end of its tail, and then burning the hairs in a small closed room with the possessed, filling their nose with the scent, this would release them from the spell of the jinn inside them.
In the Qur'an, Solomon (Arabic: Suleiman) had members of his army belonging to the race of jinn. Solomon had the ability to communicate with all creatures, which allowed him to communicate with the jinn as well.
[edit] Genies in Western culture
Western media has chosen many different ways of portraying genies, from the comical to the horrific.The Western interpretation of the genie is based on the Aladdin tale in the Western version of The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, which told of a genie that lived in an oil lamp and granted wishes to whoever freed him from the lamp by polishing it. The number and frequency of wishes varies, but typically it is limited to three wishes. More mischievous genies may take advantage of poorly worded wishes (including in one episode of The X-Files).
Many stories about genies tend to follow the same vein as the famous short story The Monkey's Paw by W. W. Jacobs, with the overriding theme of "be careful what you wish for"; in these stories, wishes can have disastrous, horrific and sometimes fatal consequences. Often, the genie causes harm to the loved ones or innocent people surrounding the wisher, making others pay for its master's greed or ignorance.
Exploiting loopholes or twisting interpretations of wishes is a classic trait amongst genies in Western fiction. For example, in "The Man in the Bottle" episode of The Twilight Zone, a poor shopkeeper who finds a genie wishes to become a leader of a great nation - and is transformed into Adolf Hitler at the very end of World War II. Often, these stories end with the genie's master wishing to have never found the genie, all his previous wishes never to have happened, or a similar wish to cancel all the fouled wishes that have come before.
Until 2005, the Djinn was one of many mythical creatures to be used as a Brownie patrol. When the Girl Guides of Canada updated the Brownie program in 2005, they decided that Djinns were an improper use of an Islamic cultural icon and made the decision to remove Djinns from the program. [citation needed]
See also: Aladdin, Castle in the Air, I Dream of Jeannie
[edit] Jinn in Popular Culture
Awareness about the origins of the genie myth, and the use of the original spelling djinn has become more common. Usually, the term djinn is used by authors who wish to convey a more serious interpretation of the mythical creature, rather than the comical genies the Western public has become used to, such as Robin Williams' character in Aladdin.
Alyssa Milano's character Phoebe becomes a Genie in the Charmed episode "I Dream of Phoebe"'Examples include:
In the Dungeons & Dragons series of roleplaying games, genies are powerful elemental spirits from the Inner Planes, each of the four classical elements having its own subspecies of genie: djinn for air, dao for earth, efreeti for fire, marid for water, and a fifth type known as the jann, who draw their existence from all four elements.
Mr. Beaver in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe conjectures that the White Witch Jadis was not human (as was her claim), but was in fact half giantess and half Jinn, a descendant of Lilith, Adam's "first wife."
The horror film Wishmaster features a hateful and evil djinni as its villain. The film has spawned three sequels.
In the Anime and Manga of Dragonball Z, the character Mr.Popo is a djinn that protects Kami's Lookout and the final and most powerful villain faced by the heroes was a stylistically-Arabic demon called Majin Buu. "Majin" is the Japanese word for "Magical Being" or "Genie." Befitting the genie that he is, Majin Buu is a spirit formed from smoke and clouds that utilizes horrific transmutation sorcery which transforms living beings into candy to sate his monstrous appetite, as well as possessing omnipotent power that quite literally rivalled the gods of the Dragonball universe.
Christopher Moore's Book "Practical Demonkeeping" describes the pre-human origin of the Djinn and God's favor for humans.
The "Djinn in charge of All Deserts" gives the lazy camel his hump in the story How the Camel Got His Hump from Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories.
In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering there are more than two dozen djinn-related cards, mostly larger-than-usual creatures with a drawback, and a dozen ifrit/efreet cards.
Several references to djinn occur in the final short story, entitled "Ramadan", of Neil Gaiman's sixth The Sandman collection, Fables and Reflections. In Gaiman's novel, American Gods, an ifrit drives a taxicab in New York.
In the Bartimaeus Trilogy books by Jonathan Stroud, a djinni is a section of five major demons, also including afrits (a form of Ifrit) as a creature of fire, marids, foliots, and imps. The trilogy focuses on a five-thousand year-old djinni named Bartimaeus and his unwilling alliance with a teenage boy.
In Rachel Caine's series of books named Weather Warden, the Djinn appear frequently. The Wardens who control fire, weather and earth capture the Djinn in bottles. The two most powerful Djinn in the world are used in these series of books.
Declare, a novel by Tim Powers deals extensively with Djinn, set in the context of the cold war espionage community.
In the videogame, Golden Sun, players encounter Djinn as small benevolent creatures who use their powers to aid the protagonists in battle.
In the popular book series Children of the Lamp, John and Phillipa Gaunt discover that they are members of the djinn tribe Marid.
In the young adult's book Castle in the Air by Diana Wynne Jones, the sequel to Howl's Moving Castle, there is a genie in a bottle and a pair of Djinn.
In the animated series Martin Mystery, episodes called "Curse of the Djini" and "Return of the Djini" featured an evil djinn trapped in a skull that could read peoples' mind's and make them say their wishes. If the djinn died then the wishes would be undone.
In the Vertigo comic Fables, a Djinn is released. In this comic, they are considered armong the most powerful creatures in existence.
In the comic Jesi The Genie, a former milk goddess is cursed with becoming a genie, and then released during the time of the Arabian Nights by a young man. Jesi also appears in the webcomic Gaijin Hi.
ClanDestine, a comic book series by Alan Davis and Mark Farmer and published by Marvel Comics, is about a family of British superheroes in the Marvel Universe, children of a human and a female djinn.
In the TV series "Charmed", the charmed ones run across a trickster Genie that is trying to gain its freedom by granting three wishes.
In Malaysia, all issues of the Economist dated December 19 2006 had the pages containing the article "Born of Fire" ripped out. The governments explanation was that "Muslims cannot believe in Jinns as this goes against Islam". Which of course makes no sense at all as the Qur'an refers to Jinns on multiple occasions. [3]
In the video game Primal, the world of Volca is inhabited by evil creatures called Djinns, led by King Iblis and Queen Malikel. Those Djinn live dormant in a volcano, awakening only when the volcano is about to erupt.
[edit] Phat Genie
The term given to a fully lit box of matches. When covered to suppress the flame a cloud of smoke is allowed to develop which when uncovered descends into the atmosphere resembling that of a genie exiting a lamp. This being a past time most common in English youth culture and recently made famous by a group of students on the internationally renowned video hosting site YouTube
2007-02-13 11:12:11
·
answer #6
·
answered by Anonymous
·
1⤊
0⤋