Philosophes and scientists of the enlightenment....?

Question

can anyone help me out and tell me the importance of each person?

PHILOSOPHES
-John Locke
-Thomas Hobbes
-Voltaire
-Rosseau
-Adam Smith
-Montesquieu
-Denis Diderot
-Immanuel Kant

SCIENTISTS
-Isaac Newton
-Antoine Lavoisier
-John Wilkes
-Copernicus
-Kepler
-Robert Boyle
-Leeuwenhoek
-Robert Hooke
-Joseph Priestly

I know its a lot but i have so many other things to do........THANKS!

Answer 1

Here's a great site where you can find what you are looking for with the minmal amount of fuss.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/Default.aspx

Unfortunately I doubt you will find anyone on here will give you the importance of all these people. Sorry.

Answer 2

Galileo and Newton have been the two scientists of the enlightenment. The actuality seeker they rejected became the Greek, Aristotle whose theories relating to the actual international and ethical international have been usual actual interior the process the midsection a protracted time. He had an exceedingly solid, properly-reasoned view of what at present we'd call, physics, chemistry and drugs and so forth, even though it became no longer one in line with experimentation or commentary.

Answer 3

Philosophes:

1. John Locke
Who: defender of moderate liberty and toleration
When: 1632-1704
What: the most influential philosophical and political thinker of that century. Criticized absolutism. Philosophical works dealing with human knowledge became the most important work of psychology. During his years of fleeing in Holland, he wrote two treatises on government. Regarded human beings as creatures of reason and basic goodwill. Humans possess a strong capacity for dwelling more or less peacefully in society before they enter a political contract. A political authority must sort out problems rather than to impose sovereign authority. Government of limited authority. The governed have a right to replace ruler if they betray trust. Defended religious toleration among Christians except Catholics (Pope=foreign prince) and non-Christians, or to atheists. View of psychology rejected the Christian understanding of original sin, yet he believed that psychology had preserved religious knowledge. Reason and revelation were compatible and together could sustain a moderate religious faith that would avoid religious conflict.

2. Thomas Hobbes
When: 1588-1679
Who: apologist for absolute government
What: supported the new scientific movement. Well-traveled. Superb classicist. View human nature darkly. Believed that human beings escaped this terrible state of nature according to Hobbes, only by entering into a particular kind of political contract according to which they agreed to live in a commonwealth tightly ruled by a recognized sovereign. Rulers should be absolute and unlimited in their power.

3.

Scientists:

1. Isaac Newton
Who: Englishman; mathematical genius
What: established a basis of physics. Upheld the importance of empirical (empiricism-that one must observe phenomena before attempting to explain them) data and observation. Opponent of rationalism. Wrote Principia Mathematica.
When: 1642-1727

3. John Wilkes: lived from 1725-1797, London political radical and member of Parliament, published newspaper, strongly criticized Lord Bute’s handling of the peace negotiations with France. He was arrested and then let go. Then he fled the country and was outlawed. He later returned to England, was reelected to Parliament and later seated in the House of Commons. “Wilkes and Liberty” a slogan of political radicals and noble opponents of the monarch since Wilkes wasn’t elected in the House of Commons.

4. Nicholas Copernicus
Who: Polish priest and astronomer who enjoyed a high reputation during his life but who was not known for strikingly original or orthodox thought.
What: published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres- provided an intellectual springboard for a compete criticism of the view of the position of the earth in the universe. Adopted many elements of Ptolemaic model but transferred them to a heliocentric model.
When: 1473-1543; 1543
Where: Poland
Why: He undertook this task to help the papacy reform the calendar so that it could correctly calculate the date for Easter based on a more accurate understanding of astronomy. Also: to achieve new intelligibility and mathematical elegance in astronomy by rejecting Aristotle’s cosmology and by removing the earth from the center of the universe.
How: no new evidence.

5. Johannes Kepler
Who: Tycho Brahe’s assistant, German astronomer
What: took possession of Brahe’s data. Believed in heliocentric model. Abandoned epicycle theory. Based on mathematical observations, he set forth the first astronomical model that actually portrayed motion-path of plants were elliptical, not circular. The New Astronomy- published findings. Used Copernicus’s sun-centered universe and Brahe’s empirical data to solve problem of planetary motion.
When: 1571-1630; 1609

7. Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Dutch. Improved the telescope. Early discoveries in field of microbiology.

8. Robert Hooke
English. “Cell.” Improved telescope.