What are the meaning of these terms from Botany?

Question

-Chlorophyll a and b
-Glycolysis: sugar splitting
-Activation: adding phosphate
-Reduction of NAD+ and the synthesis of ATP
-Regenerating NAD+ with or without oxygen
-Entering the Krebs Cycle
-Synthesizing ATP
-The net effects of Krebs Cycle
-Symplast route
-Vacuolar route
-Water losses through the stomata
-Diffusion shell
-Mechanism of opening stomata
-Mineral elements required by plants
-How mineral ions enter the plant
-Transport of mineral ions within the plant
-Translocation of organic substances
-sources and sinks
-ringing experiments
-sap-sucking organisms
-radioactive traces
-Composition of phloem sap
-Pressure Flow Hypothesis
-Mass Flow

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Answer 1

You sure have lot of questions .let me see how many i can answer.

Chlorophyll ---- is a green photosynthetic pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria
Chlorophyll a -- C55H72O5N4Mg ,Occurance universal
Chlorophyll b -- C55H70O6N4Mg , Occurance mostly plants

Glycolysis ---- is a metabolic pathway by which a 6-carbon glucose (Glc) molecule is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid (Pyr). The word glycolysis is derived from Greek γλυκός (sweet) and λύσις (rupture). It is the initial process of most carbohydrate catabolism, and it serves three principal functions:

* The generation of high-energy molecules (ATP and NADH) as cellular energy sources as part of anaerobic respiration.
* Production of pyruvate for the citric acid cycle as part of aerobic respiration.
* The production of a variety of six- and three-carbon intermediate compounds, which may be removed at various steps in the process for other cellular purposes.


Reduction of NAD+ --- Cells produce NAD from niacin, and use it to transport electrons in redox reactions. During this process NAD picks up a pair of electrons and a proton and is thus reduced to NADH, releasing one proton (H+).

MH2 + NAD+ → NADH + H+ + M: + energy, where M is a metabolite.

Two hydrogen atoms (a hydride ion and a proton H+) are removed from the metabolite. The proton is released into solution. From the hydride electron pair, one electron is transferred to the positively-charged nitrogen, and one hydrogen attaches to the carbon atom opposite to the nitrogen.

The reducing potential stored in NADH can be converted to ATP through the aerobic electron transport chain or used for anabolic metabolism.

Kreb's cycle ---- * The citric acid cycle begins with the oxidation of pyruvate produced during glycolysis, producing Acetyl-CoA.
* Acetyl-CoA transfers its two-carbon acetyl group to the four-carbon acceptor compound, oxaloacetate, forming citrate, a six-carbon compound.
* The citrate then goes through a series of chemical transformations, losing first one, then a second carboxyl group as CO2.
* Most of the energy made available by the oxidative steps of the cycle is transferred as energy-rich electrons to NAD+, forming NADH. For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle, three molecules of NADH are produced.
* Electrons are also transferred to the electron acceptor FAD, forming FADH2.
* At the end of each cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the cycle continues. Products of the first turn of the cycle are one GTP, three NADH, one FADH2, and two CO2.
* Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, two cycles are required per glucose molecule.
* At the end of all cycles, the products are two GTP, six NADH, two FADH2, four CO2.

Synthesising ATP --- Oxidative phosphorylation is the terminal process of cellular respiration in eukaryotes.This is how most of the ATP is created in a eukaryotic cell. This is the reaction that ATP synthase catalyses:


ADP3- + H+ + Pi ↔ ATP4- + H2O


The synthase functions almost as a mechanical motor, with each NADH molecule contributing enough proton motive force to generate 2.5 ATP. Each FADH2 molecule is worth 1.5 ATP. All together, the 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules contributed through oxidation of glucose (glycolysis, conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, and the Krebs cycle) account for 23 of the 30 total ATP energy carrier molecules.

The net effects of Krebs Cycle ----- The end products are two GTP, six NADH, two FADH2, four CO2.

Symplast route ---- The symplast route where the water travels only through the cytoplasm and cell walls.

Vacuolar route ---- The vacuolar route where the water travels by osmosis through the cell walls, the cytoplasm and the vacuoles of the cells in the cortex.

Water losses through the stomata ---- Dicotyledons usually have more stomata on the lower epidermis than the upper epidermis. As these leaves are held horizontally, upper epidermis is directly illuminated. Locating fewer stomata on the upper epidermis can then prevent excess water loss.If the plant has floating leaves, there will be no stomata on the lower epidermis as it can absorb gases directly from water through the cuticle. If it is a submerged leaf, no stomata will be present on either side.
As the key reactant in photosynthesis, carbon dioxide, is found in the atmosphere, most plants require the stomata to be open during daytime. The problem is that the air spaces in the leaf are saturated with water vapor, which exits the leaf through the stomata (this is known as transpiration). Therefore, plants cannot gain carbon dioxide without simultaneously losing water vapor.

Mechanism of opening stomata ----- Turgid guard cells open the stomata, while flaccid cells close them.
The K+ ion is responsible for the stomatal action.
Uptake of K+ causes the cell to become turgid- decreases water potential.
Stomata open at dawn because light induces the cells to take in K+. An internal clock (circadian rhythm) will make them open even if in they are kept in the dark.
Guard cells will close due to: a water deficiency, High temperatures due to an increase of CO2.

Mineral elements ---- The 13 mineral nutrients, which come from the soil, are dissolved in water and absorbed through a plant's roots. The macro nutrients are nitogen ,potassium,phosphorus ,calcium ,magnesiumand sulfur.The micronutrients are boron, copper , iron , chloride, manganese, molybdenum and zinc.

How mineral ions enter the plant ----- Water and mineral enter through root epidermis, cross the cortex, pass into the stele, and are carried upward in the xylem.ACTIVE TRANSPORT of these ions must occur. Specific carrier proteins in the plasma membrane attract and carry their specific mineral into the cell. A Proton Pump: H+ is pumped out of the cell causing a change in pH and a voltage across the membrane. This helps drive the anions and cations into the cell. Water and minerals cross the cortex in one of 2 ways: Via SYMPLAST which is the living continuum of cytoplasm connected by PLASMODESMATA. Via APOPLAST which is nonliving matrix of cell walls. At the endodermis the apoplastic route is blocked by the CASPARIAN STRIP. this is a ring of suberin around each endodermal cell. Here water and minerals MUST enter the stele through the cells of the endodermis. Water and minerals enter the stele via symplast, but xylem is part of the apoplast. Transfer cells selectively pump ions out of the symplast into the apoplast so they may enter the xylem. This action requires energy.

Transport of mineral ions within the plant ----Four important forces combine to transport water solutions from the roots, through the xylem elements, and into the leaves. These TACT forces are:

* transpiration
* adhesion
* cohesion
* tension

Transpiration involves the pulling of water up through the xylem of a plant utilizing the energy of evaporation and the tensile strength of water. The previous section describes transpiration more fully.

Adhesion is the attractive force between water molecules and other substances. Because both water and cellulose are polar molecules there is a strong attraction for water within the hollow capillaries of the xylem.

Cohesion is the attractive force between molecules of the same substance. Water has an unusually high cohesive force again due to the 4 hydrogen bonds each water molecule potentially has with any other water molecule. It is estimated that water's cohesive force within xylem give it a tensile strength equivalent to that of a steel wire of similar diameter.

Tension can be thought of as a stress placed on an object by a pulling force. This pulling force is created by the surface tension which develops in the leaf's air spaces.

Translocation of organic substances---- http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/plants/notes/transloc.htm

sources and sinks , Pressure Flow Hypothesis ---- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phloem#Function

sap-sucking organisms --- Psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, and mealybugs are members of the suborder Sternorrhyncha and share a common property, namely the utilization of plant sap as their food source.

Radioactive traces ----A radioactive tracer, also called a radioactive label, is a substance containing a radioisotope. Tracers can be used to measure the speed of chemical processes and to track the movement of a substance through a natural system. Radioactive tracing was developed by George de Hevesy.The tracers are applied in autoradiography, nuclear medicine, including single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography.

Composition of phloem sap --- The sap is a water-based solution, but rich in sugars made by the photosynthetic areas.

Mass Flow ----- Mass flow is the movement of substances at equal rates or as a single body. For example, blood circulation, transport of water and assimilates in xylem vessels and phloem tubes of plants. This relies upon the cohesion of water molecules to each other and adhesion to the vessel's wall by hydrogen bonding. If an air bubble occurs the flow will be stopped as the column is broken and the pressure difference in the vessel cannot be transmitted; this is called an air lock.Also known as Mass transfer and bulk flow.

I was not able to answer all of your questions ,but hope these will help

Answer 2

Chlorophyll a/b
the green colouring matter in vegetation is due to a mixture of four pigments- chlorophyll-a. chlorophyll-b.carotin and xanthophyll. Chlorophyll is not merely a pigment, it is the medium through which a plant captures energy from light to manufacture food

Answer 3

somebody who takes the region of yet somebody else; flow decrease to and fro; swing decrease to and fro between 2 states or circumstances; substitute human beings quickly to fulfil particular jobs and applications; Be an understudy or exchange for a place; opposite (a direction, physique of innovations, or direction of action);opposite (a direction, physique of innovations, or direction of action) Do something in turns; each 2nd considered one of a series; permitting a call; happening via turns; first one and then the different; Of leaves and branches etc; first on one area and then on the different in 2 ranks alongside an axis; no longer paired