What is the currently the largest, actively deployed piece of artillery in the world?

Question

And what are the details on said artillery?

This includes land based artillery systems, but if you want to add information about air and naval artillery go ahead

Answer 1

currently the largest artillerypieces deployed are of 155mm. there have been larger pieces but those are as big as you can get with reasonable mobility. naval artillery nowadays is kept around 5 inches. the largest naval guns the U.S deployed was mk8 (16 inch). on iowa class ships (U.S.S missouri) the shell was aprox. 2400 lbs and was fired with a couple hundred pounds of powder and would penetrate 14 inches of armor plate.

Answer 2

The M-110 is a 8" howitzer still in use by several countries. That would be 203mm. The Russians and the checks also make an 8" howitzer as well. The US traded in it's M-110's for ML RS systems.

Answer 3

It might be the South African manufactured 155mm 45-calibre G5 Mark 3 cannon, also used by China.

Answer 4

depends, does this include naval artillery, or only land-based?

Answer 5

The Germans have it, I saw it on future weapons on discovery channel I cant remember the name of it though but it has an auto loader and can fire five shots and have them hit the same target at the same time.

Answer 6

My backyard Howitzer. I use it to shoot my neighbors' noisy and annoying dogs and kids.

Answer 7

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Historically, artillery (from French artillerie) refers to any engine used for the discharge of large projectiles during war, served by a crew of men. The term also describes ground-based troops with the primary function of manning such weapons. Artillery is sometimes known as "The King of Battle". This term includes coastal artillery which traditionally defended coastal areas against seaborne attack and controlled the passage of ships, using their ability to deny access through the threat of coastal fire. It also includes land-based field artillery. With the advent of powered flight at the start of the 20th Century, artillery also included ground-based anti-aircraft batteries.

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Modern artillery
3 Types
3.1 Sub-types
4 Artillery Ammunition
4.1 Fuses
4.2 Projectiles
4.3 Propellant
5 Modern artillery operations
5.1 Counter-battery fire
5.2 Field artillery team
5.3 MRSI
5.4 Time on Target
5.5 Airburst
6 See also
7 External links



[edit] History
The word as used in the current context originated in the Middle Ages. It comes from the Old French atellier meaning "to arrange", and attillement meaning "equipment". From the 13th century an artillier referred to a builder of any war equipment, and for the next 250 years the sense of the word "artillery" covered all forms of military weapons.

Older engines like the catapult, onager, trebuchet and ballista are artillery (see siege engines for more information on pre-gunpowder devices.), but the first documented record of artillery with gunpowder propellent used on the battlefield is on January 28, 1132 when General Han Shizhong of the Song Dynasty used escalade and Huochong to capture a city in Fujian. These small, crude weapons diffused into the Middle East (the madfaa) and reached Europe in the 12th century, in a very limited manner. These small smoothbore tubes were initially cast in iron or bronze around a core, the first with the bore drilled was recorded in operation near Seville in 1247. They fired lead, iron, or stone balls, sometimes large arrows and on occassions simply handfuls of whatever scrap came to hand. During the Hundred Years' War these weapons became more common, initially as the bombard and later the cannon. Cannon were always muzzle-loaders, there were many early attempts at breech-loading designs but weakness in engineering rendered them even more dangerous to use than muzzle-loaders.

Bombards were larger than previous weapons, massive smoothbore weapons distinguished by their lack of a field carriage, immobility once emplaced, highly individual design, and noted unreliability. Their size precluded the barrels being cast and they were constructed out of metal staves or rods bound together with hoops like a barrel. Bombards were of value mainly in seiges, a famous Turkish example used at the siege of Constantinople in 1453 massed 19 tons, took 200 men and sixty oxen to emplace and could fire seven times a day.

The use of the word "cannon" marks the introduction in the 15th century of a dedicated field carriage with axle, trail and animal-drawn limber - this produced mobile field pieces that could move and support an army in action, rather than being found only in siege and static defenses. The reduction in the size of the barrel was due to improvements in both iron technology and gunpowder manufacture. The first mobile weapon is usually credited to Jan Žižka, who deployed his oxen-hauled cannon during the Hussite Wars of Bohemia (1418-1424). Howver cannon were still large and cumbersome, with the rise of musketry in the 16th century cannon were largely displaced from the battlefield - the cannon were too slow and cumbersome to be used and too easily lost to a rapid enemy advance.


Cannons on display at Fort Point
Continental Artillery crew from the American Revolution
Firing of an 18-pound gun, Louis-Philippe Crepin, (1772 – 1851)The combining of shot and powder into a single unit, a cartridge, occurred in the 1620s with a simple fabric bag, and was quickly adopted by all nations. It speeded loading and made it safer, but unexpelled bag fragments were an additional fouling in the gun barrel and a new tool - a worm - was introduced to remove them. Gustavus Adolphus is identified as the general who reintroduced cannon to the battlefield - pushing the development of much lighter and smaller weapons and deploying them in far greater numbers than previously. But the outcome of battles was still determined by the clash of infantry.

Shells, explosive-filled fused projectiles, were also developed in the 17th century. The development of specialized pieces - shipboard artillery, howitzers and mortars - was also begun in this period. More esoteric designs, like the multi-barrel ribauldequin, were also built.

The 17th century book by Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth inventor Kazimierz Siemienowicz "Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima" ("Great Art of Artillery, the First Part," also known as "The Complete Art of Artillery") was one of the most important contemporary publications on the subject of artillery. For over two centuries this work was used in Europe as a basic artillery manual.


A forge-welded Iron Cannon in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. This cannon was built during the reign of Raghunatha Nayak (1600 - 1645 AD), and it is said to be one of the largest cannons in the world. Artillery was used by Indian armies predominantly for defending against besieging armies.Cannon continued to become smaller and lighter - Frederick II of Prussia deployed the first genuine light artillery during the Seven Years War - but until the mid-19th century improvements in metallurgy, chemistry, manufacturing and other sciences did not alter the basic design and operation of a cannon.

Rifling had been tried on small arms in the 15th century. The machinery to accurately rifle a cannon barrel did not arrive until the 19th. Cavelli, Wahrendorff, and Whitworth all independently produced rifled cannon in the 1840s, but these guns did not see widespread use until the latter stages of the American Civil War - when designs such as the various calibre Rodman guns came to prominence.

From the 1860s artillery was forced into a series of rapid technological and operational changes, accelerating through the 1870s and thereafter. the first effective breech-loaders (allowing a gun crew to operate while always behind protective barriers) was developed in the 1880s, with the first cannon to contain all 'modern' features is generally considered to be the French 75 of 1897 - cased ammunition, entirely effective breech-loading, modern sights, slef-contained firing mechanism, and especially its hydro-pneumatic recoil dampening.

In the 19th century artillery finally made the decisive split between smaller, lighter, and more mobile pieces that stayed with the troops, and much larger weapons deployed to use indirect fire. The second option, using indirect fire, drove the development of the technologies and doctrines that have produced current artillery weapons.

See also: Field Artillery in the American Civil War

[edit] Modern artillery

Naval piece of artillery, early 19th century
French naval piece of the late 19th CenturyModern artillery is distinguished by its large caliber, firing an explosive shell or rocket, and being of such a size and weight as to require a specialized mount for firing and transport. Weapons covered by this term include "cannon" artillery such as the howitzer, mortar, and field gun and rocket artillery. Certain smaller-caliber mortars are more properly designated small arms rather than artillery, albeit indirect-fire small arms.

The term "artillery" has traditionally not been used for projectiles with internal guidance systems, even though some artillery units employ surface-to-surface missiles. Advances in terminal guidance systems for small munitions has allowed large-caliber projectiles to be developed, blurring this distinction.


[edit] Types
The types of cannon artillery are generally distinguished by the velocity at which they fire projectiles. Naval guns or infantry support guns are typically longer-barreled, low-trajectory, high-velocity weapons designed primarily for a direct-fire role. Typically the length of a cannon barrel is greater than 25 times its caliber (inner diameter).

Howitzers are relatively shorter. Capable of both high- and low-angle fire, they are most often employed in an indirect-fire role, capable of operating in defilade. Typically, the length of a howitzer cannon is between 15 and 25 times its caliber.

Mortars are smaller, low-velocity, high-angle weapons capable of only high-trajectory fire at a relatively short range. Typically the length of a mortar barrel is less than 15 times its caliber.

Modern field artillery can also be split into two other categories: towed and self-propelled. As the name suggests, towed artillery has a prime mover, usually a jeep or truck, to move the piece, crew, and ammunition around. Self-propelled howitzers are permanently mounted on a carriage or vehicle with room for the crew and ammunition and are thus capable of moving quickly from one firing position to another, both to support the fluid nature of modern combat and to avoid counter-battery fire. There are also mortar carrier vehicles, many of which allow the mortar to be removed from the vehicle and be used dismounted, potentially in terrain in which the vehicle cannot navigate, or in order to avoid detection.


[edit] Sub-types
Types of artillery:

Field artillery - mobile weapons used to support armies in the field. Subcategories include:
infantry support guns - directly support infantry units (mostly obsolete).
mountain guns - lightweight weapons that can be moved through difficult terrain.
howitzers - capable of high angle fire.
gun howitzers - capable of high or low angle fire with a long barrel.
mortars - weapons that fire projectiles at an angle of over 45 degrees to the horizontal.
rocket artillery - alternative propulsion.

A British 60-pounder (5 inch) gun at full recoil, in action during the Battle of Gallipoli, 1915.Motorized artillery - towed by Artillery tractors.
Self-propelled artillery - typically guns, mortars or gun howitzers mounted on a vehicle.
Naval artillery - cannons mounted on warships and used either against other ships or in support of ground forces. The crowning achievement of naval artillery was the battleship, bristling with guns of up to 18 inches (45 cm), but the advent of airpower and missiles have rendered this type of artillery largely obsolete.
Coastal artillery - Fixed-position weapons dedicated to defense of a particular location, usually a coast (e.g. the Atlantic Wall in WW II) or harbor. Not needing to be mobile, coastal artillery used to be much larger than equivalent field artillery pieces, giving them longer range and more destructive power. Modern coastal artillery (eg, Russia's 'Bereg' system) is often self propelled, (allowing it to avoid counter-battery fire) and fully integrated, meaning that each battery has all of the support systems that it requires (maintenance, targeting radar, etc.) organic to its unit.
Anti-aircraft artillery - weapons, usually mobile, designed for attacking aircraft from the ground. Some guns were suitable for dual-role anti-aircraft and field (anti-tank) use. The WWII German 88 mm gun was a famous example.

[edit] Artillery Ammunition

Battleship Ammunition: 16" artillery shells aboard one of America's Iowa-class battleships.Artillery ammunition has four classifications according to use:
Service: ammunition used in live fire training or for wartime use in a combat zone.
Practice: Ammunition with a low, or no explosive charge for use under training conditions.
Dummy:Ammunition with no explosive charges for display or training use.
Blank Ammunition with a low explosive and no projectile used for training or ceremonial use.
Artillery ammunition consists of three components

1: The Fuse
2: The Projectile
3: The Propellant

[edit] Fuses
Proximity fuses can be set to detonate at a specified height above the ground, producing air-bursts which are much more lethal against personnel than explosions at ground level. In anti-aircraft fire, the proximity fuse can be made to have a premature detonation because of the moisture in heavy rain clouds.

The proximity fuse emerged on the battlefields of Europe in late December 1944. They have become known as the US Artillery's "Christmas present," and were much appreciated when they arrived during the Battle of the Bulge. Proximity fuses were extremely effective against German personnel in the open, and hence were very helpful in breaking up the German attacks. Electronic proximity fuses were a big improvement over the mechanical (non-proximity) fuses which they replaced, as time fuses required an accurate estimate of the round's time of flight to the target and especially of the altitude of the target area. If the target's altitude was incorrectly estimated, the rounds would either strike the ground or burst too high.

Delay fuses are used to allow the round to penetrate into the earth before exploding. This is very effective for attacking earthen bunkers. Similarly, hardened delay fuses are used against concrete bunkers.


[edit] Projectiles
The projectile is the ordnance or "bullet" fired downrange. This may or may not be an explosive device. Payloads include high-explosive, dual purpose improved conventional munitions (DPICM)- bomblet, canister or anti-personnel, flechette, illuminating or star-shell, armor-piercing including high explosive anti-tank (HEAT), incendiary (white phosphorus, "Willie Pete"), gas or aerosol, chemical or biological agents, smoke, and nuclear devices, and others.

Variations of projectiles include:

Spin-stabilized - Use helical grooves or ridges on the inside of the barrel to impart a rotation to the projectile as it is travelling in the barrel. (See also rifling)
Smoothbore - some projectiles, such as high explosive anti-tank (HEAT), are less effective if they are spinning.
Fin-stabilized - Use fins at the rear of the projectile in the airflow to maintain correct orientation.
Inverted tube - Some weapons have been built with the tube built into the projectile and fitted onto a rod fitted to the carriage. These are commonly known as spigot rounds, and are usually used for mortars.

[edit] Propellant
All forms of artillery require a propellant to fire the projectile at the target. A number of different configurations have been developed, each with varying characteristics. They include:

Tube fired - utilize the pressure of burnt propellant inside a barrel to force a projectile out of the mouth of the barrel.
Recoilless - A tube fired weapon with a breech designed to perforate a bursting disk at firing, and permit a mass of burnt propellant gases with momentum equal to the projectile to exit from the rear of the barrel, to prevent recoil from affecting the weapon.
Rocket propelled - Tube or rail launched - A reaction propulsion system mounted to the projectile provides continuous thrust for an initial period of the flight.
Rocket assist - A combination of tube fired and rocket propelled - uses a rocket motor in the base of the projectile to extend the range by about 30%.
Base bleed - Similar to a rocket assist projectile, uses a small pyrotechnic charge at the base of the projectile. The charge introduces sufficient combustion products into the low-pressure region behind the base of the projectile responsible for a large proportion of the drag to substantially (> 30%) increase range. Like a rocket assist projectile, trajectory is changed to non-ballistic, which may complicate counter-battery location.

[edit] Modern artillery operations

An AuF1 of the French artillery detachment of the IFOR near Sarajevo in 1996.
USMC M-198 firing outside of Fallujah, Iraq in 2004
A 155 mm artillery shell fired by a United States 11th Marine Regiment M-198 howitzerDepending on the caliber of the weapons, artillery is used in a variety of roles. Mortars fire relatively short range and small- to medium-caliber (up to about 120 mm) projectiles. Modern mortars, because of their lighter weight and simpler, more transportable design, are an integral part of infantry and armor units, allowing greater responsiveness and negating their shorter range.

Howitzers are generally used in direct support of infantry and armor, where the guns of a battery or even a battalion will be massed to fire simultaneously onto a single point or area target. Howitzers are usually between about 105mm and 155mm in caliber.


[edit] Counter-battery fire
Attacks aimed at enemy artillery pieces or their crews, rather than infantry or fortifications, are known as counter battery fire.

Large-scale use of counter-battery fire began in World War I, which due to the static nature of trench warfare was especially dominated by artillery. Fixes on enemy batteries were obtained using both multiple spotters watching for muzzle flashes, and microphones recording the sound of the shot. Each system was effective in ideal conditions, but microphones could easily be swamped by continuous fire and spotters had to be certain they were looking at the same muzzle flash. Flash spotting and acoustic measurements continued to be used until near the end of World War II, when radar coupled to (initially primitive) computers began to be introduced. Radar can more accurately track a projectile in flight back to its firing point, which can then be used for targeting information for counter-battery fire. Today, the combination of radars for determining the location of artillery fire with computerized fire control computers allows rapid counterbattery. During the 1991 Persian gulf war, MLRS units were tasked specifically with counterbattery duties due to their long range and enormous striking power. MLRS units were able to perform this feat in under a minute. In many cases MLRS rockets were being launched before the enemy rounds had landed.[1]

When artillery fire is directed via radio by a forward observer (FO), the location of the FO's transmitter can be calculated and attacked with artillery as well. If successful, this counter-attack will limit the effectiveness of the FO's artillery fire. Radar also improves the all-weather flexibility of modern artillery.

The rise in counter-battery abilities has driven field artillery to adopt "shoot-and-scoot" tactics emphasizing constant maneuver within a designated position area, usually from hide point to firing point and back again. This has required reliance on sometimes temperamental technology and increased the cost of modern field artillery systems.


[edit] Field artillery team
Main article: Field artillery
Modern field artillery (Post-World War I) has three distinct parts: the forward observer (or FO), the fire direction center (FDC) and the actual guns themselves. The forward observer observes the target using tools such as binoculars, laser range-finders, designators and call back fire missions on his radio, or relays the data through a portable computer via an encrypted digital radio connection protected from jamming by computerized frequency hopping.

The FO can communicate directly with the battery FDC, of which there is one per each battery of 4-8 guns. Otherwise the several FOs communicate with a higher FDC such as at a Battalion level, and the higher FDC prioritizes the targets and allocates fires to individual batteries as needed to engage the targets that are spotted by the FOs or to perform preplanned fires.

The Battery FDC computes firing data - ammunition to be used, powder charge, fuse settings, the direction to the target, and the quadrant elevation to be fired at to reach the target, what gun will fire any rounds needed for adjusting on the target, and the number of rounds to be fired on the target by each gun once the target has been accurately located - to the guns. Traditionally this data is relayed via radio or wire communications as a warning order to the guns, followed by orders specifying the type of ammunition and fuse setting, direction, and the elevation needed to reach the target, and the method of adjustment or orders for fire for effect (FFE). However in more advanced artillery units, this data is relayed through a digital radio link.

Other parts of the field artillery team include meteorological analysis to determine the temperature, humidity and pressure of the air and wind direction and speed at different altitudes. Also radar is used both for determining the location of enemy artillery and mortar batteries and to determine the precise actual strike points of rounds fired by battery and comparing that location with what was expected to compute a registration allowing future rounds to be fired with much greater accuracy.


[edit] MRSI
It is possible for modern computer-controlled artillery to fire more than one volley at a target and have all the shells arrive simultaneously, which is called MRSI (Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact). This is because there is more than one trajectory for the rounds to fly to any given target - typically one is below 45 degrees from horizontal and the other is above it, and if you can vary the amount of propellant with each shell, you can create more trajectories. Because the higher trajectories cause the shells to arc higher into the air, they take longer to reach the target and so if the shells are fired on these trajectories for the first volleys (starting with the shell with the most propellant and working down) and then after the correct pause more volleys are fired on the lower trajectories, the shells will all arrive at the same time. This is useful because many more shells can land on the target with no warning. With traditional volleys along the same trajectory, anybody at the target point will have a certain amount of time (however long it takes to reload and re-fire the guns) to run away or take cover between volleys. In addition, if guns in more than one location are firing on one target, with careful timing it can be arranged for all their shells to land at the same time for the same reason.

Examples of MRSI guns are South Africa's Denel G6-52 (which can land six rounds simultaneously at targets at least 25 km away) and Germany's Panzer Haubitze 2000 (which can land five rounds simultaneously at targets at least 17 km away). The United States Crusader program (now cancelled) was slated to have MRSI capability.


[edit] Time on Target
A technique called Time on Target was developed by the US Army during World War 2. This technique uses a precise determination of the time of flight from each firing battery to the target area. When a Time on Target (TOT) is designated each battery that will join in firing on that target subtracts the time of flight from the TOT to determine the time to fire. Individual firing batteries train to fire their rounds as close to simultaneously as possible. When each firing battery fires their rounds at their individual time to fire every round will reach the target area nearly simultaneously. This is especially effective when combined with techniques that allow fires for effect to be made without preliminary adjusting fires.


[edit] Airburst
An additional wrinkle can be added when some or all of the shells are set for airburst, meaning they explode in the air above the target instead of upon impact. This can be accomplished either through time fuses or proximity fuses. Time fuses use a precise timer to detonate the round a certain amount of time after firing. Unfortunately, this technique is tricky and slight variations in the functioning of the fuse can cause it to explode too high and be ineffective, or to strike the ground instead of exploding above it. Since December 1944, proximity fused artillery rounds have been available that take the guesswork out of this process. These rounds embody a miniature, weak radar transmitter in the fuse to detect the ground and explode them at a predetermined height above it. The return of the weak radar signal completes an electrical circuit in the fuse which explodes the shell.

This is a very effective tactic against infantry and light vehicles, because it scatters the fragmentation of the shell over a larger area and prevents it from being blocked by terrain or entrenchments that do not include some form of robust overhead cover. Combined with TOT or MRSI tactics that give no warning of the incoming rounds, these rounds are especially devastating because many enemy soldiers are likely to be caught in the open. This is even more so if the attack is launched against an assembly area or troops moving in the open rather than a unit in an entrenched tactical position.

technical - metal, propellant, recuperation, manufacturing - obturation, etc. doctrine - direct vs indirect fire, predicted fire, observed fire - forward observation, pre-planned fire - registered fire, barrage, creeping barrage, STOP (simultaneous time on top)


[edit] See also
Look up artillery in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
ArtilleryList of artillery
88 mm gun
Field artillery
Field Artillery in the American Civil War
Artillery battery
Field artillery team
Paris Gun
Nuclear artillery
Self-propelled artillery
Shell (projectile)
Siege engine
Harry S. Truman a "redleg" in World War I

[edit] External links
http://www.pafg.co.uk Portsmouth Action Field Gun Pictures and Video
Cannon Artillery - The Voice Of Freedom's Thunder
Modern Artillery
Video: Inside one of Missouri’s 16" gun room, about 1955. (Windows Media File)
Artilley and weapons used in the Boer Wars
Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Napoleonic Wars
Artillery of Napoleon's Imperial Guard
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
ArtilleryRetrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"
Category: Artillery

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