i have problem with correcting answers. please help me.?

Question

i have some following sentences:
1/The decline of the Roman Empire has been attributed to everything from
the moral depravity of its leaders to increased amounts of lead in the water system
-> why use "to increased" but "to increase"?
2/Ordinarily, cement can be done stronger by spraying it with water before it completely hardens
-> can i replace "done" by "made"? when use "make" and when use "do"?
3/Saws come in variuos forms ranging from the two-handled crosscut saw to the single-handled hack saw
-> why use "ranging" but "ranged"?
4/Primary consideration must be given to humanitaran concerns
-> i think this sentence can use "must give" instead of "must be given".
5/Published, Mari Sandoz's "The Buffalo Hunter" detail the slaughter of miffaloes on the Great Plains of the United states
-> is the word "published" in head of the sentence abridged form of "it's published"?
I've just studied English so your help is very necessary for me. Thanks very much.

Answer 1

Wow~ sounds like you've got a lot of homework there!
In no. 1 it isn't the infinite of the verb; the 'to' before the verb is a preposition.
no. 2 sounds better with 'made' ... part of the verb tense/adverbial/adjectival phrase 'to make ........~er'
no.3 looks like tense agreement, but I don't think it is as it would be the same if you used came.
no. 4. Header, maybe short for 'recently published' or 'Books published'. Stative form, perhaps. Also mistake in 2nd sentence, verb should be 3rd person singular i.e. details.
Good luck :-)

Answer 2

1. 'To' is the start of a prepositional phrase here, and 'increased' is an adjective modifying amounts. It is not the verbal infinitive to increase.

2. I haven't heard done used like this; it sounds wrong. It must be particular to cement, as it must cure (dry and harden); you would not normally use done. I would have said made. Make has a meaning close to create, do is closer to act or perform.

3. Ranging is a participle here - a verbal adjective describing forms. Ranged is not an adjective, it is a verb.

4. This is a passive construction - the subject is receiving the action. If you want to make it active, you need to say, "Humanitarian concerns must receive primary consideration."

5. That is a rather odd way to use 'published' in English. You see it in Latin a lot. But it is an adjective describing the book "The Buffalo Hunter". It has more the sense of "having been published" in this sentence, the way it is up at the beginning like that.

Answer 3

"Increased" is an adjectival noun. The lead increased (verb) and lead to increased amounts (verb used as an adjective to describe the amounts). It's a construction which reached English from Latin.

"Made" and "done" are difficult for learners of English. I saw a question about this on the French Yahoo Questions site recently. "Made" is usually better in a context where you are physically preparing something. You could also use the word "rendered" here.

"Ranging" is used because it is continuous and because it is part of a sentence in the present tense. "Ranged" would be appropriate only in the past tense and after a noun or pronoun -- e.g. "which ranged..."

"Must be given" is in the passive voice. For the active voice you need a subject. In this sentence the subject is "primary care" and therefore, as it is primary care which is the object of the giving, the passive mood is necessary.

"Published" is an abbreviation for "published as" in this context.

Answer 4

1/ because it is an action that has happened..if you were to say to increase it would mean that it was happening as you spoke...but you could also say to increasing amounts of lead
2/made is much better to use than done.
3/ ranging because it is still happening..the saws are still coming in those sizes
4/ no ...must be given is correct
5/ Published is fine...as long as you change detail to details and use a comma....like...Published, Mari Sandoz's "The Buffalo Hunter, details the slaughter.....No, don't use it's published...because it has already been published..You can say It's published as "The Buffalo Hunter"; Mari Sandoz's detail of the slaughter....