Physiology of Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion
Following ingestion, absorption of thiamin occurs mainly in the jejunum, at lower concentrations as an active, carrier-mediated system involving phosphorylation and at higher concentrations by passive diffusion. Thiamin is transported in blood both in erythrocytes and plasma.
Only a small percentage of a high dose of thiamin is absorbed, and elevated serum values result in active urinary excretion of the vitamin (Davis et al., 1984). After an oral dose of thiamin, peak excretion occurs in about 2 hours, and excretion is nearly complete after 4 hours (Levy and Hewitt, 1971; Morrison and Campbell, 1960). In a study by Davis and colleagues (1984), a 10-mg oral dose of thiamin was given in water, and the mean serum thiamin peaked at 24 nmol/L (7.2 µg/L) —42 percent above baseline. Within 6 hours the serum thiamin concentration had returned to baseline, 17 nmol/L (5.2 µg/L). Prompt urinary excretion of thiamin was also reported by Najjar and Holt (1940) and McAlpine and Hills (1941).
With higher pharmacological levels, namely repetitive 250-mg amounts taken orally and 500 mg given intramuscularly, nearly 1 week was required for steady state plasma concentrations to be reached; a mean elimination half-life of 1.8 days was estimated (Royer-Morrot et al., 1992).
Total thiamin content of the adult human has been estimated to be approximately 30 mg, and the biological half-life of the vitamin is probably in the range of 9 to 18 days (Ariaey-Nejad et al., 1970).
Clinical Effects of Inadequate Intake
Early stages of thiamin deficiency may be accompanied by non-specific symptoms that may be overlooked or easily misinterpreted (Lonsdale and Shamberger, 1980). The clinical signs of deficiency include anorexia; weight loss; mental changes such as apathy, decrease in short-term memory, confusion, and irritability; muscle weakness; and cardiovascular effects such as an enlarged heart (Horwitt et al., 1948; Inouye and Katsura, 1965; Platt, 1967; Williams et al., 1942; Wilson, 1983). In wet beriberi, edema occurs; in dry
2007-01-17 12:56:25
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answer #1
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answered by Anonymous
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How to avoid hangover BEFORE YOU DRINK: Eat: Eat something that has vitamin B and C such as fruit. If you are going to an after hour party, you should eat early dinner before you go to the party or eat while you drink. The fructose in foods will help absorb alcohol. Vitamins B & C: Take vitamins B & C. Alcohol will deplete nutrients from your body and the vitamins will help you replace what you lose from your body by drinking. Drinking orange juice, grapefruit juice, and grape juice will also help. Drink Milk: Milk will help absorb alcohol slowly. Know Your Body: If you had hangovers before, learn from your experience. Were you drinking dark liquor? Were you drinking different types of liquor all night? Were you drinking too fast? Try to analyze what your body can handle. Dark liquors (or colourless liquors) make some people feel sick. Some say drinking different types of liquors or liqueurs bring them headaches. However what you drink doesn't matter as much as how much you drink. Do Not Drive: Do not drive a car to get to where you will be drinking unless you have somebody who can drive you back. WHILE YOU DRINK: Drink Water: always order a cup of water when ordering an alcohol beverage. Water will help rehydrate your system. The more water you drink, the better solution after the night. Eat while you drink: Try to eat while you drink if possible. Food will not only help absorb alcohol slowly, but also slow your drinking pitch down. Order fruit cocktails: Fresh fruit juice will replace the vitamins that you lose from your body while drinking. If you know that you are not a big drinker, try cocktails with simple ingredients such as Rum and Orange Juice or Vodka and Cranberry Juice etc. Watch Your Pace: Never drink too fast. Drink as slow as possible. When you feel fine (meaning when you can tell or cannot tell that alcohol starts changing your behavior, thinking, and sight etc.), you should stop drinking alcohol and drink water. If the party goes longer than you expected, order some fruit juice. AFTER: Drink Water: before going to bed, drink water. Do not drink coffee. Coffee will help dehydration. Vitamins B & C: Take some vitamins before going to bed. Sleep: sleeping may be difficult because your body temperature is higher than usual. If you can't go to sleep, drink more water. If you need to throw up, throw up. When you wake up, drink more water and eat some fruits and try to go back to sleep. Despite all the things that you could do to avoid a hangover before you drink and as you drink, if you still get a hangover, you are not trying enough. Think about what went wrong and learn from your experience. And remember, drinking is supposed to be fun! Not to throw up at the end of the night.
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2016-04-16 10:08:59
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answer #2
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answered by Anonymous
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The only way you could absorb B12 faster is if you got a shot, so you should definitely be feeling it.
Keep in mind, though, that B12 does not accumulate in your system, meaning you need to take it every day to keep feeling it (you r body will pee out what it does not use).
2007-01-17 12:58:28
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answer #3
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answered by SVandS 2
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several days to reach destination and depends on the route the most effective is injected and it is best in combination B2 B6 B12
when digested most of it is flushed out and the amount you keep is filtered trough your liver.
2007-01-17 13:03:11
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answer #4
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answered by razorraul 6
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you would probably benefit most with B-12 injections(once a month) from your doc. That would build up the quickest.
2007-01-17 12:57:24
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answer #5
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answered by clevelandrocksgirl 3
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depends how do you take it. shot pills sublingual different kinds
if you need it rightway take a shot
2007-01-17 12:56:17
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answer #6
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answered by Anonymous
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24 hours/or daily.
2007-01-17 12:55:59
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answer #7
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answered by Anonymous
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average of half hour
2007-01-17 12:55:22
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answer #8
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answered by Jez 4
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