where on the net i can find the following?

Question

what is perlite, austenite, cementite form of iron and all physical and chemical properties

Answer 1

Anglo-Saxon: iron; symbol from Latin: ferrum (iron)
Description:Malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal. Fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust (56,300 ppm). Ninth most abundant element in the universe.
Discovered by:Known to the ancients
Year:--
Place:Unknown
Sources:Obtained from iron ores. Pure metal produced in blast furnaces by layering limestone, coke and iron ore and forcing hot gasses into the bottom. This heats the coke red hot and the iron is reduced from its oxides and liquified where it flows to t
Use(s):Used in steel and other alloys. Essential for humans. It is the chief constituent of hemoglobin which carries oxygen in blood vessels. Its oxides are used in magnetic tapes and disks.

Answer 2

Try looking at the wikipedia site

Answer 3

here u can use "sources for iron" as keywords to search in Google or other search engines to get your answers

Answer 4

try searching them on google!

Answer 5

Perlite Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus 0.07 sec.
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For the two-phased structure in steel see pearlite.



Expanded Perlite

Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass that has a relatively high water content. It occurs naturally and has the unusual property of greatly expanding when heated sufficiently. Properties and usesWhen it reaches temperatures of 850–900 °C, perlite softens (since it is a glass) and water trapped in the structure escapes and this causes the expansion of the material to 7–15 times its original volume. The expanded material is a brilliant white, due to the reflectivity of the trapped bubbles.
Unexpanded ("raw") perlite bulk density: around 1100 kg/m³ (1.1 g/cm³).
Typical expanded perlite bulk density: 30–150 kg/m³

Due to its low density and relatively low price, many commercial applications for perlite have developed. In the construction and manufacturing fields, it is used in lightweight plasters and mortars, insulation, ceiling tiles and filter aids. In horticulture it makes composts more open to air, while still having good water-retention properties; it makes a good medium for hydroponics. Perlite is also used in foundries, cryogenic insulations, as a lightweight aggregate in mortar (firestop) and in ceramics as a clay additive. Typical analysis of perlite70-75% silicon dioxide: SiO2
12-15% aluminium oxide: Al2O3
3-4% sodium oxide: Na2O
3-5% potassium oxide: K2O
0.5-2% iron oxide: Fe2O3
0.2-0.7% magnesium oxide: MgO
0.5-1.5% calcium oxide: CaO
3-5% loss on ignition (chemical / combined water)
ValueIn 2001 the cost of perlite was about US$36.31 per metric ton. The yearend price for mined perlite has increased since then[1]:
2001.....$36.31 per metric ton
2002.....$36.45 per metric ton
2003.....$38.20 per metric ton
2004.....$40.57 per metric ton
2005.....$42.48 per metric ton
See alsoVermiculite (Many expanders of perlite are also exfoliating vermiculite and belong to both trade associations)
Diatomite (used for filter-aids)
Industrial minerals
Mortar (firestop)
References1. ^ (January 2006) "Perlite". U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries,: 122-123. [1].

External linksThe Perlite Institute
Perlite Information Source
Manufacturer of Perlite Expansion Equipment
Mineral Information Institute - perlite

Iron alloy phases
Austenite (γ-iron; hard)
Bainite
Martensite
Cementite (iron carbide; Fe3C)
Ferrite (α-iron; soft)
Pearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite)

Types of Steel
Plain-carbon steel (up to 2.1% carbon)
Stainless steel (alloy with chromium)
HSLA steel (high strength low alloy)
Tool steel (very hard; heat-treated)

Other Iron-based materials
Cast iron (>2.1% carbon)
Wrought iron (almost no carbon)
Ductile iron

Cementite or iron carbide is a chemical compound with the formula Fe3C, and an orthorhombic crystal structure. It is a hard, brittle material, normally classified as a ceramic in its pure form, though it is more important in metallurgy.

It forms directly from the melt in the case of white cast iron. In carbon steel, it either forms from austenite during cooling or from martensite during tempering. It mixes with ferrite, the other product of austenite, to form lamellar structures called pearlite and bainite. Much larger lamellae, visible to the naked eye, make up the structure of Damascus steel, though the process has been lost to history (see article for information on attempted reconstruction of the process).

Fe3C is also known as cohenite, particularly when found mixed with nickel and cobalt carbides in meteorites. This form, a hard, shiny silver mineral, was first described by E. Weinschenk in 1889.

Austenite Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus 0.14 sec.
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Iron alloy phases
Austenite (γ-iron; hard)
Bainite
Martensite
Cementite (iron carbide; Fe3C)
Ferrite (α-iron; soft)
Pearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite)

Types of Steel
Plain-carbon steel (up to 2.1% carbon)
Stainless steel (alloy with chromium)
HSLA steel (high strength low alloy)
Tool steel (very hard; heat-treated)

Other Iron-based materials
Cast iron (>2.1% carbon)
Wrought iron (almost no carbon)
Ductile iron


Iron-carbon phase diagram, showing the conditions under which austenite (γ) is stable in carbon steel.Austenite (or gamma phase iron) is a metallic non-magnetic solid solution of iron and an alloying element. In plain-carbon steel, austenite exists above the critical eutectoid temperature of 1333 °F (about 723 °C); other alloys of steel have different eutectoid temperatures. It is named after Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843-1902). Its face-centred cubic (FCC) structure has more open space than the body-centered cubic structure, allowing it to hold a higher proportion of carbon in solution. Behavior in Plain-Carbon SteelAs austenite cools, it often transforms into a mixture of ferrite and cementite as the dissolved carbon falls out of solution. Depending on alloy composition and rate of cooling, pearlite may form. If the rate of cooling is very fast, the alloy may experience a slight lattice distortion known as martensitic transformation, instead of transforming into a mixture. In this industrially very important case the carbon is not allowed to blend out in the remaining melt due to the cooling speed, but are captured inside the FCC-structure of austenite, creating tension in the crystal when the alloy cools down. The result is hard martensite. The rate of cooling determines the relative proportions of these materials and therefore the mechanical properties (e.g. hardness, tensile strength) of the steel. Quenching (to induce martensitic transformation), followed by tempering will transform some of the brittle martensite into bainite. If a low-hardenability steel is quenched, a significant amount of austenite will be retained in the microstructure. StabilizationThe addition of certain alloying elements, such as manganese and nickel, can stabilize the austenitic structure, facilitating heat-treatment of low-alloy steels. In the extreme case of austenitic stainless steel, much higher alloy content makes this structure stable even at room temperature. On the other hand, such elements as silicon, molybdenum, and chromium tend to de-stabilize austenite, raising the eutectoid temperature. Austenite transformation and Curie pointIn many magnetic alloys, the Curie point, the temperature at which magnetic materials cease to behave magnetically, occurs at nearly the same temperature as the austenite transformation. This behavior is attributed to the paramagnetic nature of austenite, while both martensite and ferrite are strongly ferromagnetic. Thermo-optical emissionA blacksmith causes phase changes in the iron-carbon system in order to control the material's mechanical properties, often using the annealing, quenching, and tempering processes. In this context, the color of light emitted by the workpiece is an approximate gauge of temperature, with the transition from red to orange corresponding to the formation of austenite in medium- and high-carbon steel.

Maximum carbon solubility in austenite is 2.03% C at 1147 °C. References"Physical Metallurgy Priciples". Reed-Hill, Robert. 3rd. Edition. PWS Publishing. Boston. 1991.