how is wine ,beer, whisky,rum,vodka made.procedure and ingredients etc.?

Answer 1

Wine is grape juice that has been fermented with yeast...whether it's the naturally occuring yeast on the grapes, or with commercial wine yeast. Fruit wines are simply fermeted juice of whatever fruit (raspberry, peach, whatever).

Beer starts with any cereal grain that has had its starches converted to sugar using enzymes. Hops is added for flavor, character, and as a natural form of preservative. This combination known as "wort" is then fermented (again with yeast) and then becomes beer.

Whiskey is essentially beer without hops that's been distilled. The ingredients can range from barley, wheat, rye, corn, millet, oats...virtually any starchy cereal grain you can think of can be made into beer and thus whiskey.
Single malt whiskey (whisky for the Scots) is purely barley and distilled at a single distillery.
Bourbon is an American whiskey that has by law >51% corn in its list of ingredients...many will tell you it must be made in Kentucky, but this isn't true, though the vast majority of Bourbon distilleries *are* in Kentucky, there a few exceptions. Time in the barrels also is a factor.
Scotch is simply short for "Scotch Whisky" (with no 'e' in the spelling...they like it this way) and simply refers to whisky made exclusively in Scotland and by law has to be aged 3 or more years in wood casks to be called "Scotch."

Brandy is merely distilled wine. Specialty brandies such as Cognac and Armagnac are made in specific geographic regions and of certain wines to be called such by French Law. This is the same with "Champagne" being exclusively from the Champagne region and all others are "sparkling wine."

Vodka isn't exclusively from potatoes. In fact, it's increasingly rare that it is made from potatoes in that they are more expensive as an ingredient for the whole distilling cycle. You'll find that most vodkas are distilled from grain...the same as whiskey, but more and more thoroughly so that there is minimal/no flavor left in the distillate. It's also not aged or barreled and therefore remains crystal clear and colorless.

Actually all brown spirits (whiskey, brandy, rum) derive the majority of their color and flavor from the wooden casks that they are aged in. When distilled, they all...yes, *ALL* come out crystal clear and colorless. Caramel color may be added in the cheaper varieties, and dark rums will frequently have molasses added back for a richer flavor (which is not necessarily characteristic of the cheaper varieties).

Tequila is fermented agave juice which is then distilled. The different colors/grades relate to the amount of aging. Like Cognac etc. "Tequila" only comes from a certain region of Mexico, and is exclusively Blue Agave...all others are "Mezcal"

Gin is neutral spirits (like vodka) which are flavored via various methods with primarly juniper berries and also other botanicals.

Ouzo, Pernod, and Absinthe belong to a group of spirits called "Pastis" (I forget the meaning exactly). These are all primarily flavored with anise and liquorice and when water is added, the oils from the infused botanicals un-dissolve and turn the drink milky. Absinthe is unique in that it contanise wormwood as one of its botanicals. Wormwood contains thujone which is a controversial substance which renders it illegal in a majority of countries. It is said to make the drinker hallucinate...often called "seeing the green fairie" as Absinthe is colored green. The truth is that Absinthe is *extremely* alcoholic relative to other spirits (65% alcohol and up) and is traditionally drunk with water poured through a sugar cube (lighting the sugar cube on fire is optional) which reduces the strength for drinking.

Answer 2

Wine is made with grapes that are pressed, fermented, then sometimes aged in barrels.

Beer is made with malted barley, hops, water, and then fermented.

Rum, vodka, and whisky are made through distillation of carbohydrate based ingredients. Rum is made from sugar cane then aged in old whisky barrels. Vodka is usually made from potatoes (but it doesn't matter really) and then filtered in a certain way to give it's taste.

Answer 3

WINE:

Basic Wine Making Recipe
This basic recipe is for the production of fruit and grape wines. The process of fruitwine making is the foundation for all types of wine production. Slight adjustments to the ingredients used in this wine making recipe can yield an eclectic collection of tastes and flavors.

General Directions: Prepare and clean all equipment, inspect for cracks or damage. Sterilize with sulfur solution. Drain well. Sulfite solution: 1 oz dissolved in ½ gallon water… (Click for full wine making recipe)

BEER:

Ingredients

600 gr whole rye flour
a teaspoonful of salt
25 gr yeast
another 25 gr yeast
200 gr sugar (or a large jar of honey)
20 gr fresh mint or 10 gr dried mint (and optionally other herbs you like; don't use hops!)
50 gr raisins
5-6 liters of water
Make a dough from rye flour, salt and yeast (mixed with water and a spoonful of honey), let it rise in a warm place for a few hours, and bake a loaf of bread.

When cooled, break the bread in lumps or slice it and toast the lumps or slices in the oven. Don't burn it.

Put the toasted bread in a kettle or barrel, pour over boiling water, cover and set aside for 3 or 4 hours. Strain, and add the yeast, rubbed together with the sugar, and the mint and herbs.

Cover the kettle with a cloth and let it ferment overnight. When a foamy head appears, strain again, and pour into bottles (Grolsch swing-top bottles work well). Put some raisins into each bottle.

Seal the bottles, lay them flat, and let the beer ripen for a few days in a cool place. It may be wise to put the bottles in a plastic bag, since some of them will definitely leak, making a mess in your cellar.

RUM:

Ingredients for rum drink:
1/2 teaspoon Powdered sugar
2 oz Carbonated water
2 oz Dark rum
Carbonated water or ginger ale
Cracked ice
Orange or lemon peel spiral

Method rum mixed drink recipe:

Put powdered sugar and carbonated water in a glass.
Shake it well.
Add dark rum.
Fill with carbonated water or ginger ale.
Insert spiral of orange or lemon peel and dangle the end over rim of glass.
Makes one 12 ounce serving.

VODKA:


Scale ingredients to servings
5 cl vodka
1/2 lime
4 dashes Angostura® bitters
1 dl Schweppes® tonic water
4 ice cubes

Shake a tall glass with ice cubes and angostura, coating the inside of the glass. Pour on the vodka, add a slice of lime and squeeze juice out of remainder, mix with tonic, stir and serve.

Answer 4

beer. It was either in a 24 oz. can or a quart bottle but I drank it from a beer glass, I think. That was about 16 some odd days ago. I just assume you are talking about the last actual one and not the last batch. The last batch would be an assortment of the same.

Answer 5

you will find your answer on site
www.brsquared.org
for wine and beer making. other links are also provided for wine and beer.

Answer 6

History and Taxonomy of Distilled Spirits

11 June 2002
revised 30 November 2005

For nearly 3,000 years people have been making potent spirits for medicinal and recreational purposes. In recent history, worldwide distribution has made it possible for us to taste beverages from around the world. What follows is a surface-level overview of the evolution and classification these products. See the glossary for help with any unfamiliar terms.
The Distillation Process

The basic distillation procedure is the same regardless of the spirit. Alcohol is not "created" by distillation, just concentrated. A weak alcoholic beverage such as wine or beer is heated to boiling in a still (see illustrations below). Since the various constituents of the resulting vapor (like water, ethyl, methyl, and isopropyl alcohols) will vaporize and condense at different temperatures, they may be selectively extracted to create a new mixture which may then be further aged and/or flavored by the distiller. The different kinds of stills (e.g., pot still, column still) function in different ways and result in products of vastly different makeup and taste, but the basic process is the same: slowly boil the liquid and keep the vapors you want.



The Primitive Distillates


Origin: 800 BC

Ingredients: various ferments

Around 800 BC distilled alcoholic beverages were being made in Asia. These included:

* Skhou: In the Caucasus, from kefir (mare's milk)
* Sochou/Shochu: In Japan, from sake (rice)
* Saut/Sautchoo: In China, from tehoo (rice, millet)
* Arrack: In India, from toddy (rice with molasses or palm sap)
* Arika: By Tartars, from koumiss (mare's milk)

Distilled Mead

Origin: Britain, 500 AD

Ingredients: mead (honey)
Aqua Vini

Origin: Spain, 1200s

Ingredients: wine

Spanish forerunner of brandy.
Brandy

Origin: Italy, 1000s

Ingredients: fruit wine (unaged)

The word comes from the Dutch "brandewijn" meaning "burnt wine."
Grape Brandy

Origin: likely the first Western distilled beverage

Ingredients: grape wine
Cognac

Origin: Cognac, France, 1500s

Ingredients: wine (7.5% ABV, high acidity)

Process: Pot double-distill to 70% ABV, dilute to 50%, age in oak 2 years (minimum) to 5 years or more (Very Superior Old Pale--VSOP). Dilute (if necessary) to 40% ABV, color with caramel, add a small amount of sugar for taste.
Armagnac

Origin: Armagnac region, France, 1411 (first mention)

Ingredients: wine

Process: Pot single-distill to 53% ABV, age in sappy, strong black oak. Outside of France, armagnac is sometimes made in a column still, and with caramel syrup added.

Armagnac is generally drier than Cognac.
Brandy de Jerez

Origin: Jerez de la Frontera, Spain

Ingredients: primarily the Airen grape of La Mancha and Extremadura

Process: Column distill (often elsewhere in Spain, then ship to Jerez) and age in sherry casks for minimums of 6 months, one year for Reserva, three years for Gran Reserva. In practice the best Reservas and Gran Reservas are aged 12-15 years.

Grapes from other regions are usually used as the local sherry grapes are too valuable for brandy production.
Metaxa

Origin: Greece, 1888 (invented by Spyros Metaxa)

Ingredients: wine

Process: Pot distill, flavor with Muscat wine, age at least three years, flavor with anise, rose leaves and other spices.

Grapes from other regions are usually used as the local sherry grapes are too valuable for brandy production.
Fruit Brandy

Ingredients: non-grape fruit wine

Process: Age minimally, and rarely in wood (fine calvados is an exception).

Not to be confused with fruit-flavored grape brandy.
Eau-de-vie

Origin: Alsace region, France, 1553 (first mention)

Ingredients: non-grape fruit wine

Process: Do not age.

"Water of life" in French, eau-de-vie is colorless. The term is also used in France to refer to brandy in general.
Calvados

Origin: Lower Normandy region, France

Ingredients: apple cider

Process: Age in oak casks for minimum of two years.

The best-known fruit brandy, calvados is made from the local small, tart apples.
Kirschwasser

Origin: Germany

Ingredients: black cherry
Applejack

Origin: United States, colonial period

Ingredients: hard cider (fermented apples)

The word comes from "jacking," a nickname for the freeze distillation procedure originally used.
Rakija

Origin: Balkans

Ingredients: various fruits

Often spelled "rakia", many varieties are popular on the Balkan peninsula where it may be made from grapes, plums (known as slivovitz, usually from the same sloe plum used to flavor "sloe gin"), apricots, pears, quince, figs, and walnuts.
Pomace

Ingredients: pomace wine (made from grape pulp, skins, stems and seeds)

The "poor man's brandy," pomace was originally something for wine makers to do with their grapes after pressing.
Grappa

Origin: Bassano del Grappa, Italy

Ingredients: pomace wine

Process: Don't age, or age 2-4 years.
Marc

Origin: France

Ingredients: pomace wine
Vodka

Origin: Russia, 1400s

Ingredients: rye or wheat, sometimes potato or another grain (traditionally the cheapest starch available)

Probably produced since the 12th century for medicinal purposes, the word comes from the Russian diminutive for "water." In the 1930s Vodka became popular in the United States where it is government-defined as a neutral spirit without distinctive characteristics.
Whiskey

Origin: Ireland and Scotland, around 1500; known as aqua vitae, uisge beatha or usquebaugh (all meaning "water of life") until the 1700s (name shortened from "usquebaugh" to "usky" and eventually "whiskey").

Ingredients: barley, corn, rye

Spelled "whisky" in Scotland, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand.
Single-Malt Scotch

Origin: Scotland, 1500

Ingredients: 100% barley malt

Process: Under the Scotch Whiskey Act 1988: pot distill to no more than 94.8% ABV, age in oak for at least three years, dilute with water and add nothing but caramel for color.

Currently there are only about 115 operating distilleries producing single-malt scotch.
Blended Scotch

Origin: Scotland, 1860s

Ingredients: single malt scotch (30-60%), grain alcohol (from corn)

Process: Mix several malt whiskies from different distillers with grain spirits (more neutral in flavor) produced in column stills.

Legal since the 1860s, the motivation for blending was originally economic but it also met the demand outside of Scotland for a milder spirit.
Irish Whiskey

Origin: Ireland

Ingredients: barley (60%), barley malt (40%)

Process: Dry the malt (don't roast), and triple distill.

Milder than single malt and some blended scotch.
Rye

Origin: North America

Ingredients: rye (minimum 51%), barley malt

Process: By law: distill at less than 80% ABV and age for at least two years in new charred barrels.

Some rye is bottled and marketed directly, but most is blended into other whiskies for character and structure.
Bourbon

Origin: Bourbon County, Kentucky, United States

Ingredients: corn (minimum 51%), barley malt

Process: By law: distill at less than 80% ABV and age for at least two years in new charred barrels. In practice, aged at least four years.
Tennessee Whiskey

Origin: Tennessee, United States

Ingredients: corn (minimum 51%), barley malt

Process: By law: distill at less than 80% ABV, filtered through bed of sugar maple charcoal, age for at least two years in new charred barrels.
Canadian Whiskey

Origin: Canada

Ingredients: corn or wheat with rye, barley, or barley malt

Process: Usually: blend from different whiskies of different ages; by law: age in used oak barrels for minimum three years (four to six in practice). Export in barrel or bottle in Canada at 43.4% ABV.
Rum

Origin: Americas, 1500s

Ingredients: molasses or sugar cane

Process: Distill in continuous still to about 85% ABV, filter, blend, and leach through charcoal for "silver" rum, age for 1 year (light-bodied) to 6 years (heavy), add caramel (if desired) to deepen color and flavor. For Jamaican Rum ferment longer and pot distill to lower purity.

Settlers in the New World began to make rum because barley had not yet been cultivated and molasses was plentiful.
Gin

Origin: Holland

Ingredients: juniper berries, various grains

The word come from the Dutch "genever" which means juniper. The number of botanicals in a gin ranges from 4 to 20.
Genever

Origin: Holland

Ingredients: malt wine (malted barley, wheat, corn, and rye)

Process: Pot double- or triple-distill at low proof, distill once more with juniper to about 48% ABV.

A few genevers from Holland and Belgium are distilled directly from juniper berries.
London Dry Gin

Origin: England

Ingredients: grain (corn, barley, malt, wheat, or rye), juniper berries, botanicals

Process: Column distill to 90 or 94% ABV, pot distill with juniper and botanicals, dilute, bottle. Generally, don't age. For some high quality gins juniper and botanicals go in a chamber in the still which the vapor passes through before condensation.
Plymouth Gin

Origin: Plymouth, England

Process: Copper pot distill.

Originally the local gin style of the English Channel port of Plymouth, now produced only by Plymouth, Coates < Co., which also controls the rights to the term Plymouth Gin.
Mezcal

Origin: Mexico

Ingredients: juice of any species of agave plant (a.k.a. maguey, pronounced muh-GAY)

Process: Cultivate agave 8-10 years, depending on the type, cut off flower stalk when it appears at plant's sexual maturity--growth is redirected into central stalk which swells with sweet, juicy pulp. After swelling, cut plant from roots and remove the long sword-shaped leaves, leaving the piña ("pineapple," so-called because it resembles a giant green and white pineapple) which weighs 25-100 pounds. Quarter piña, bake in underground oven heated with wood charcoal (for mezcal's distinctive smoky taste), and crush and shred to extract the sweet juice aguamiel ("honey water"). Ferment and pot distill agave juice to 55% ABV with water only (high-quality) or add sugar ("mixto"). If needed add natural flavorings and caramel for color.

The famous "worm" found in some bottles ("con gusano") is actually the larva of one of two moths that live on the agave plant. Reason for the worm is obscure, but it does serve as proof of high alcohol content--if worm remains intact, percentage of alcohol in the spirit is high enough to preserve the pickled worm. Top-quality mezcals do not include a worm in the bottle.
Tequila

Origin: Jalisco, Mexico

Ingredients: juice of blue agave (agave tequiliana)

Process: Similar to mezcal but bake piña in steam oven or autoclave (oversized pressure cooker) until all starch is converted to sugar.

* Silver/Blanco: Age 60 days, less, or not at all.
* Gold (usually a mixto): Unaged silver tequila plus caramel for color.
* Reposado: Age in wooden tanks or casks for legal two months (three to nine months for better quality brands). Best-selling tequila in Mexico.
* Añejo: Age in wood at least one year (one and a half to three years for high-quality mixtos, up to four years for high-quality agaves).

By Mexican law all 100% agave or aged Tequila is bottled in Mexico. All 100% agave tequila is labeled as such (otherwise it is a "mixto," made from fermented agave juice and other sugars, usually cane sugar with water). Aging tequila more than four years is controversial; most Tequila producers oppose it to protect the distinctive earthy and vegetal agave flavor.

Illustration of column still.

The column still.

The plates in each column are hottest at the bottom and coolest at the top. Liquids with low boiling points are concentrated in the vapor that leaves the first column and rises in the second. As is the case with the pot still, the impurities are recycled to extract their fraction of desirable ingredients.

Illustration from Harold McGee's excellent book On Food and Cooking. Modified slightly for readability at small size.
Illustration of pot still.

Pot distillation.

The container at center receives both the distillate from the first pot, which must be further purified, and the undesirable portions--the foreshots and feints--of the second distillation, more of whose alcohol can thereby be extracted.

Illustration from Harold McGee's excellent book On Food and Cooking. Modified slightly for readability at small size.
Glossary

barley malt
Barley kernels which have been soaked and which have begun to germinate. When used in beer production, the malt is dried to stop enzyme activity and prevent sprouting which would consume sugar intended for the yeast.
botanicals
Fruits, spices, and herbs used to flavor gin. Botanicals are either mixed into the wash prior to boiling or (usually for premium-brand gins) placed at the top of the still so that the alcohol can pass through in vapor form.
column still
Created in the early 1800s to avoid the process of draining and cleaning the pot still between batches, it is also known as the patent still or continuous still because it can be run constantly, without need for maintenance between batches. Column stills allow the distiller less control of the resulting flavor constituents and produce a characterless spirit relative to the pot still. It also allows the distiller to use cheaper ingredients since less of the original ingredients' flavor is preserved.
continuous still
See column still.
freeze distillation
Like distillation by heating, the objective is to separate the various constituents of a liquid, but freeze distillation uses cooling, rather than heating, to exploit varying freezing, rather than boiling points. Since water freezes at zero degrees Celcius and ethyl alcohol at -114, a fermented beverage is cooled and solid chunks of ice removed. Freeze distillation is rarely used for distilled spirits (outside of applejack). The process is not as efficient as normal distillation and is illegal in many countries due to an increased risk of high concentrations of the poisonous fusel oils the pot distiller must carefully remove.
green beer
Beer in the stage of production immediately after the yeast has been removed. It has yet to be conditioned, clarified, pasteurized and packaged.
kefir
Milk-based fermented beverage of the Balkans.
koumiss
Milk-based fermented beverage of the Tartars whose nomadic lifestyle did not allow them to cultivate grains.
mead
Honey-based fermented beverage from Europe. The name comes from the Sanskrit word for honey.
patent still
See column still.
pot still
The first type of still and the only one used until the early 1800s, a pot still actually consists of two pots, the first of which contains the wash. When the first pot is heated to between 173 and 212 degree Fahrenheit (hot enough to boil alcohol but not water), alcohol vapor rises up and out, into a coiled tube where it is cooled, collected, then re-heated and further purified. (Moonshine is the term for alcohol which has forgone the second distillation and which is potentially deadly due to its high concentration of poisonous constituents.) Because the pot still allows for precise control (when wielded skillfully), it is the still of choice for any spirit without additives in which the pure flavor is important (e.g., any good whiskey or brandy).
sake
Rice-based fermented beverage.
toddy
Fermented beverage made from rice with molasses or palm sap.
tehoo
Fermented beverage made from rice and millet.
wash
The raw ingredient of distillation (in liquid form), usually fermented fruit or grains.

Answer 7

thanks