How do you know how to pronounce ancient Egyptian words when the vowels were never written in their text.?

Question

like Bastet is really pronounced "bast" (with 'a' sound like in ball).
I have heard a theory that the second 't' was added some time long after the use of the name because some people, I think the greeks that came later, thought it was silent like with some words, so the extra 't' was added to emphasised its pronounciation.
This may have led people in the very late future to assume their must have been a vowel sound between the two 't's

Answer 1

They deduced what the vowels must have been by comparing hieroglyphics to later versions of the language, including Hieratic, Coptic, or even Greek. This is not exact, however, because pronunciation can change with time, but it's our best bet.

In other cases, the vowels were simply "assigned" (i.e. "invented").

Come to think of it, in modern Arabic, the vowels associated with a word often change depending on case, so even if you figured out the vowels that went along with the nominative form of a particular hieroglyph, that doesn't necessarily mean that the same pronunciation would apply to its accusative form, as well.

Incidentally, that second "t" at the end of "Bastet" reminds me a bit of the Arabic "ta'marbuta," a letter added to the end of words to indicate that it is feminine, that is sometimes pronounced as an "a" or "ah" or "eh" and sometimes as a " t " (especially when followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound). I don't suppose there's any correspondance between this modern Arabic letter and the ancient Egyptian ending of Bastet, but it might be worth looking into.

Answer 2

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