how does a aircraft turn in the air as well as on land?

Answer 1

Let's see this is going to be a bit disjointed because it has been more than 21 years since I was in training in NATTC Memphis in 1985. I also assume your talking about fixed wing aircraft, as those other eggbeater contraptions are just unnatural and unfit for flight. I better get a best answer having to rack my brain like this. Here goes, on the ground depending on what type of landing gear the plane has, it will use the nose wheel steering (tricycle landing gear or large aircraft multiple mount system) which is generally controlled by a pnuematic hydraulic steering system. In the case of other aircraft such as performance or older aircraft which use a tail wheel, a combination of brakes and rudder are used for lateral directional control on the tarmac.

In the air, the aircraft is lifted by the shape of the wings in which the passage of air on one surface of the wing (a longer surface) at a higher velocity than the air on the opposite surface, thereby creating lift. The addition and operation of wing flaps increases the surface area of the wing increasing lift at slower speeds allowing for a slower stall speed (loss of lift). The aircraft is controlled in flight along three axis', most commonly described as Yaw, Pitch and Roll. If you imagine the aircraft on these imaginary axis, the first axis Yaw would intersect the aircraft vertically and pass through the empenage of the aircraft to the bottom. The Yaw axis would be controlled by the rudder (pedals which in some aircraft control braking as well, depression of both pedals evenly rocking them inward applies the brake, rocking the pedals independently by applying pressure to one or the other, moves the rudder). The second axis Pitch (perpendicular to the wing's leading edge) is controlled by the elevators which are manipulated by the forward and aft movement of the stick or yoke. The final axis is roll (length of the aircraft center line forward to aft) which is controlled by the ailerons located at the after edge outboard on the wings, operated in opposition to each other and are controlled by the yoke (steering wheel setup left to right rotation) or stick (movement left to right, right to left).

In order to turn the aircraft properly a combination of inputs from the pilot must manipulate the rudder and the aileron simultaneously to turn the aircraft. It is possible to turn the aircraft using only the rudder, however it takes longer and the aircraft is not as stable in the directional transition. This turn opposes the normal g forces which are applied to the aircraft and applies forces laterally against the pilot reducing his ability to control the aircraft. A turn which applies the g forces vertically to the pilot allows his lateral movement more freely (depending on velocity). This turn also feels more natural to the pilot as opposed to the previous.

This describes the basic operation of most aircraft control surfaces. Some performance aircraft use specialized control surfaces such as Elevons (combined surface of elevator and aileron), canards, twin vertical stabilizers and vectored thrust nozzles (very high tech VTOL or other fighter aircraft)

Answer 2

When on the ground, it depends on the aircraft. On some smaller private aircraft, the pilot turns the aircraft when taxiing by turning the rudder. On some private aircraft (Cessna and Piper)and most all commercial passenger aircraft the nose wheel steers the aircraft when it taxis. The pilot steers the nose wheel with the rudder peddles. There is a mechanical connection between the rudder peddles and the nose wheel that disengages when the gear retracts after takeoff.

In the air the pilot steers the aircraft using the rudder, elevators and ailerons. The rudder directs the aircraft right or left. The elevators point it up or down, and the ailerons change the bank of the wings. In fighter planes and some homebuit planes the pilot uses a stick to move the rudder and ailerons. The stick moving forward moves the elevator and points the nose down, while pulling back on the stick raises the nose and sends the plane up. Move the stick right and the plane banks right (lifts the left wing), and left stick banks the aircraft left. The pilot's feet are on rudder peddles. Pushing the right peddle causes the plane to turn right. Most private aircraft, passenger planes and larger military aircraft have yokes instead of sticks. The yoke acts like a "steering wheel".

Hope this helps.

Answer 3

In the air, an aircraft is turned with both aileron and rudder. The ailerons are on the trailing edge of each wing, and when the controls are deflected by the pilot in a specific direction, one will move down, the other up. In a left turn, the right aileron will dip down into the airflow thus increasing lift on that wing and banking the airplane (roll). The rudder is the vertical control surface on the trailing edge of the vertical tail (horizontal stabilizer). Movement of the rudder is done through pedals, and when deflected by the pilot, they allow the nose of the aircraft to move left and right (yaw). The combination of these two control forces (roll and yaw), enable an airplane to turn in a smooth and coordinated manner. On the ground, smaller aircraft are steered with the feet. The same pedals that control the rudder are linked to the nose wheel, and pressure on the respective pedal will steer the plane in that direction. While larger aircraft may also be steered in this manner, the authority is somewhat limited and therefore a small handle or "tiller" is used to turn the nose wheel (works as a small steering wheel).

Answer 4

1. In steady, level flight, an aircraft can be considered as being acted on by four forces in equilibrium: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Thrust is the force generated by the engine and acts along the engine's thrust vector. Lift acts perpendicular to the motion of the aircraft. Drag acts antiparallel to the motion of the aircraft. Weight acts towards the centre of the Earth. Very roughly, in straight and level flight, lift can be assumed equal to weight and thrust equal to drag.
2. By altering the balance of these basic forces, an aircraft can be maneuvered in three dimensions.
There are three primary ways for an aircraft to change direction. Pitch (movement of the nose up or down), roll (rotation around the longitudinal axis, that is, the axis which runs along the length of the aircraft) and yaw (swinging turn (change of heading direction) includes both roll and yaw of the aircraft).

In micro-lights and hang gliders the pitch action is reversed - pulling back produces a nose-down pitch action.Yaw is induced by a moveable rudder, attached to a vertical fin usually at the rear of the aircraft. Sometimes the entire fin is movable. Pitch is controlled by the rear part of the tailplane's horizontal stabiliser being hinged to create an elevator. By moving the elevator up (a position of negative camber) the tailplane is pulled down and the angle of attack on the wings increased so the nose is pitched up and lift is generally increased. Roll is controlled by movable sections on the trailing edge of the wings called ailerons. The ailerons move differentially - one goes up as the other goes down. The difference in camber of the wing cause a difference in lift and thus a rolling movement.On modern aircraft, which have the benefit of automation, they can be used in combination with the ailerons to provide roll control.
On ground, the aircraft need not have to encounter the lift, thrust and drag. Mechanical means can be employed.
VR

Answer 5

On the ground airplanes are steered by brute force of the rudder and blasts of air from the propeller unless equipped with steerable tailwheels or nosewheels. Larger aircraft have "power steering", hydraulic cylinders attached to the nosewheel to assist.
In the air the airplane is turned by the horizontal component of lift, by banking left or right with the controls. Some aircraft are equipped with an interlocking device to operate the rudder to counter adverse yaw. On those without the interlock, you must step on the rudder pedals to counter the adverse yaw to keep from slipping or skidding in the turn..

Answer 6

It turns on land by use of the front landing gear, kinda like an automobile.In the air is totally different.The plane has control surfaces, such as a rudder,flaps, elevators and ailerons wich cause drag on certain sections of the air frame.

Answer 7

The pilot yells at everyone to lean in the direction he wants the plane to turn, after the plane turns enough, the pilot yells at everyone to get back in the middle. The same goes with going up and down. When the pilot wants to go down he yells at everyone to go to the nose of the plane, When he gets near the ground he makes some of the people put wheels outside. If the engine quits the plane is stuck up in the air until people get outside on the wings and drop rope ladders to the ground, then they let the women and children climb down first, then the flight hostesses. The men go last so they aren't on the ground first looking up the womens skirts as THEY go down. It's been that way since men first boarded pterydactyls.

Answer 8

there is a number of factors, yet minimum gas use / fastest time is between the significant ones (not one hundred% reliant on distance - there is issues which include the wisely-named Jet stream that impact route decision for northern hemisphere transatlantic/transpacific flights), besides as staying to set air site visitors corridors the position mandatory, and being interior perfect gliding (or quick-diving) distance of an emergency landing spot if the engines provide out or there is yet another incident. There must be some type of regulation of all of it previous only "bypass in a straight away line" (or more advantageous wisely, large-circle) to the vacation spot, given the contortions to the route considered on the gradually more advantageous-uncommon inflight show even as taking a non-funds flight to & from tenerife (from the united kingdom) previously this 365 days. extremely on the some time previous, we took off interior the "incorrect" route, did not right now replace route yet then became a number of situations early interior the shape (not somewhat turning north first of all), skipped africa entirely yet went over a large purchase more advantageous of Spain and France than lets have if going "straight away". it ought to were thus that replaced into only the most open hall, given how busy the air over europe is presently... yet another you should properly be plane reliability. We had the fortune to be flying on a virtually sparkling airplane even as on vacation to Florida interior the early 90s, and the route we took replaced into somewhat lengthy - as a replace of straight away southwest for the time of the atlantic, we flew up over Scotland, to Iceland, Greenland, and then down the coast of Canada and the u . s .. curiously even as operating-in a sparkling plane, this is recommended to stay over land as a lot as plausible because there is an higher chance of early failure of elements, and that is a lot safer to attempt to make an emergency landing on troublesome stuff than water. For a commence, there's no airports interior the sea...

Answer 9

You bank the airplane to one side by moving the ailerons (by turning the control wheel). This produces a sideward component of lift which moves the airplane to the side. The sideward force will put the airplane into a circular path until the wings are leveled.

Answer 10

See the below website to get the basics of aircraft maneuvering.