What does it mean by sterio ismerism?

Question

Also describe its types that are (1). Geometrical(cis-trans) isomerism and (2). optical isomerism.
what is the meaning of cis-trans?

Answer 1

Stereoisomer refers to two different organic molecules that are identical structurally about a given carbon that has four unequal substituents that arranged differently with respect to its three-dimensional form. These structures are best pictured as mirror images and the best common illustration is your right vs left hand. Very similar in composition but not exactly equal because they are arranged differently spatially. No amount of twisting or turning will make them the same.

Geometric isomerism comes into play when two carbons are prohibited from rotating relative to each other. Carbon-carbon single bonds can rotate freely but double and triple bonds cannot due to the pi bonding orbitals. For molecules with double bonds that can have two substituents on each carbon, the question arises as to how to designate if two unequal groups are on the same or opposite sides of the double bond. (Triple-bound carbons can have only one substituent so this question does not apply to them.) So, for simple substituted alkenes, the prefix cis and trans are used to mean on the same side or opposite, respectively. For more complex situations such as one carbon having a chlorine and an amine group and the other a bromine, cis and trans would mean nothing because you wouldn't be able to determine what exactly was on the same or opposite side as something else. So, chemists have devised rankings for different substituents and use Z (highest ranked on same side) and E (highest ranked on opposite sides).

Optical isomerism is a trait of stereoisomers whereby molecules with one or more stereoisomeric carbon (often called chiral centers) are able to "twist" light to the left or to the right. Optical isomers are such that, given equimolar solutions of each, one twists to the left a certain number of degrees and the other twists light to the right that same number of degrees.

Answer 2

Cis (Z) means that your functional groups are on the same side of the bond and trans (E) means that they are on opposite sides.

I'm trying in vain to remember the rest of Ochem, but it has faded too quickly, LOL.

I think isomerisms have to do with the same structural formula, just arranged differently in space?

Answer 3

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