Need Information On Liquefaction?

Question

Im Doing A Report On Liquefaction I Need Help, What Is That???

Answer 1

Liquefaction is the process of making a liquid out of a gas.

Below are links to three quite interesting articles on the process.

Answer 2

Liquefaction may refer to:

* Soil liquefaction, the process by which sediments are converted into suspension, as in earthquake liquefaction, quicksand, quick clay, and turbidity currents

* Liquefaction of gases in physics, chemistry, and thermal engineering

* Liquification, the process of making or becoming liquid (a more general term, sometimes used in place of liquefaction in the energy industry, food processing, and also in sperm maturation)



Go to this site to further more know what you need since you gave an incomplete query

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefaction

Answer 3

Liquefaction may refer to:
* Soil liquefaction, the process by which sediments are converted into suspension, as in earthquake liquefaction, quicksand, quick clay, and turbidity currents
* Liquefaction of gases in physics, chemistry, and thermal engineering
* Liquification, the process of making or becoming liquid (a more general term, sometimes used in place of liquefaction in the energy industry, food processing, and also in sperm maturation)

Soil Liquefaction
Soil Liquefaction is the process by which saturated, unconsolidated soil or sand is converted into a suspension. It is commonly observed in quicksand, quick clay, turbidity currents, and as a result of earthquake shock in unconsolidated sediments. It can be caused when flowing water reduces the friction between sand particles (as from an underground spring), or when a sudden change in pressure or repeated shock acting on water saturated or supersaturated sediments (as in an earthquake). Although the effects of liquefaction had been observed and understood for years, it was dramatically brought to the attention of engineers and seismologists in 1964 during the Niigata, Japan and Alaska earthquakes. It was a major factor in the destruction in San Francisco's Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.

Earthquake Liquefaction
Earthquake liquefaction, often referred to simply as liquefaction, is the process by which saturated, unconsolidated sand is converted into a suspension during an earthquake. The effect on structures and buildings can be devastating, and is a major contributor to urban seismic risk. Ancient earthquakes have caused liquefaction, leaving a record in the sediments (paleoseismology).

Liquefaction occurs when a saturated sand formation is turned into a liquid with suspended sand, and the effective stress becomes essentially zero. The key ingredient is a formation of loose, saturated sand. As seen in the figure, uniform sand grains can be packed either in a loose or a compact (dense) formation. Loose sand has usually been deposited gently underwater, either naturally, or sluiced into what is called hydraulic fill. The loose grains can support considerable weight, as they are in contact with each other in a statically stable formation.

Once strong earthquake shaking begins, the grains move and are no longer resting on each other. Eventually, the grains will settle into a more compact arrangement. However, this transition is not immediate, and requires excess water to leave the formation. For a short period of time, depending how long it takes for the water to drain from the formation, the grains float in a liquid slurry. The excess water is squeezed out which causes the quicksand condition at the surface. If there is a dry soil crust or impermeable cap, the excess water will sometimes come to the surface through cracks in the confining layer, bringing liquefied sand with it, creating sand boils, colloquially called "sand volcanos".

Soil liquefaction can cause damage to structures in several ways. Buildings whose foundations bear directly on sand which liquefies will experience a sudden loss of support, which will result in drastic and irregular settlement of the building. Liquefaction causes irregular settlements in the area liquefied, which can damage buildings and break underground utility lines where the differential settlements are large. Sand boils can erupt into buildings through utility openings, and may allow water to damage the structure or electrical systems. Soil liquefaction can also cause slope failures. Areas of land reclamation are often prone to liquifaction because many are reclaimed with hydraulic fill, and are often underlain by soft soils which can amplify earthquake shaking.

Study of past liquefaction events in geologic formations can provide information about the strength of prehistoric earthquakes, a vital component of paleoseismology

Liquefaction primarily occurs in sands, but there are formations of quick clay, which can fail in a very similar way.

Mitigating potential damage from liquefaction is part of the field of geotechnical engineering.

Liquefaction of gases
Liquefaction of gases includes a number of processes used to convert a gas into a liquid state. The processes are used for scientific, industrial and commercial purposes. Many gases can be put into a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure by simple cooling; a few, such as carbon dioxide, require pressurization as well. Liquefaction is used for analyzing the fundamental properties of gas molecules (intermolecular forces), for storage of gases, for example: LPG, and in refrigeration and air conditioning. There the gas is liquefied in the condenser, where the heat of vaporization is released, and evaporated in the evaporator, where the heat of vaporization is absorbed. Ammonia was the first such refrigerant, but it has been replaced by compounds derived from petroleum and halogens.

Liquid oxygen is provided to hospitals for conversion to gas for patients suffering from breathing problems, and liquid nitrogen is used by dermatologists and by inseminators to freeze semen. Liquefied chlorine is transported for eventual solution in water, after which it is used for water purification, sanitation of industrial waste, sewage and swimming pools, bleaching of pulp and textiles and manufacture of carbon tetrachloride, glycol and numerous other organic compounds as well as phosgene gas. It was unfortunately used in warfare in World War I at Flanders ([1]) and in gaseous form at Ypres, France, though the shells were filled with liquid [2].

Liquefaction of helium led to a Nobel Prize for Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1913. Liquefied helium has many amazing properties, such as climbing the walls of the vessel, exhibiting zero viscosity, and offering no lift to a wing past which it flows.

You could get more information from the 3 links below...