Which one is the Universal type of blood?

Answer 1

There are two:
The universal donor is Type O-
The universal receiver is Type AB+

Answer 2

The universal donor blood type is O negative.
The universal recipient blood type is AB positive.

These are loose rules, there are a great many other blood antigens and factors that are actually considered prior to giving blood or blood components to patients.

Answer 3

O -(negative) are universal donors but unfortunate one as they can only recieve O- blood n AB+ are universal recipients and the lucky one u can say as they can be transfused any type of blood after cross matching.

Answer 4

o is the universal blood type

Answer 5

The universal blood type for donating is O-
The universal recpient is AB+

Answer 6

0+

Answer 7

0 positive

Answer 8

universal donor is o negative--they can give but not receive blood to everyone.

Answer 9

Blood type

Blood type is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells
A total of 29 human blood group systems are recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT).[1] Each blood group is represented by a substance on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These substances are important because they contain specific sequences of amino acid and carbohydrate which are antigenic. As well as being on the surface of RBCs, some of these antigens are also present on the cells of other tissues. A complete blood type describes the set of 29 substances on the surface of RBCs, and an individual's blood type is one of the many possible combinations of blood group antigens; usually only the ABO blood group system and the presence or absence of the Rhesus D antigen (also known as the Rhesus factor) are determined and used to describe the blood type. Over 400 different blood group antigens have been found, many of these being very rare.[citation needed] If an individual is exposed to a blood group antigen that is not recognised as self, the individual can become sensitized to that antigen; the immune system makes specific antibodies which binds specifically to a particular blood group antigen and an immunological memory against that particular antigen is formed. These antibodies can bind to antigens on the surface of transfused red blood cells (or other tissue cells) often leading to destruction of the cells by recruitment of other components of the immune system. Knowledge of an individual's blood type is important to identify appropriate blood for transfusion or tissue for organ transplantation.
Several different RBC surface antigens stemming from one allele (or very closely linked genes) are collectively labeled as a blood group system (or blood group). The two most important blood group systems were discovered during early experiments with blood transfusion, the ABO group in 1901[2] and the Rhesus group in 1937.[3] These two blood groups are reflected in the common nomenclature A positive, O negative, etc. with letters referring to the ABO group and positive/negative to the presence/absence of the RhD antigen of the Rhesus group. Development of the Coombs test in 1945[4] and the advent of transfusion medicine led to discovery of more blood groups. The Coombs test is used routinely in the screening of blood for blood group antibodies in the preparation of blood for transfusion.
Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. Some blood types are rare, and are primarily found in certain ethnic groups. Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases, for example the Kell antigen is associated with McLeod syndrome.[5] Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections, an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the Duffy antigen.[6] Very rarely, a person's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection or malignancy.[citation needed]
Transfusion reactions can occur if a person is transfused with blood of a different blood type. Mismatches involving minor antigens or weak antibodies may lead to minor problems; however, more serious incompatibilities can lead to a more vigorous immune response with massive RBC destruction, low blood pressure, and even death.
Often, pregnant women carry a fetus with a different blood type to their own, and sometimes the mother forms antibodies against the red blood cells of the fetus, which causes hemolysis of fetal RBCs and leads to low fetal blood counts, a condition known as hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Introduction

ABO blood group system - diagram showing the carbohydrate chains which determine the ABO blood group

ABO and Rhesus: the two main blood group systems
The ABO system is the most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The associated anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies. ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria and viruses.
The Rhesus system is the second most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The most important Rhesus antigen is the RhD antigen because it is the most immunogenic of the five main rhesus antigens; however, anti-RhD antibodies are not usually produced by sensitization against environmental substances. It is common for RhD negative individuals not to have any anti-RhD IgG or IgM antibodies; nevertheless, RhD negative individuals can produce IgG antibodies when they are transfused with RhD positive RBCs.

The agglutination of IgM is stronger due to the relatively large size of the IgM antibody, but the nature of the bodily reaction as a result of agglutination with IgG can be more dramatic.[7]

Distribution of ABO and Rh Blood types (averages for each population)

PopulationO+O-A+A-B+B-AB+AB−
Native South Americans[8]
100%–––
Ireland[8]
52%35%10%3%
Hong Kong[9]
40%26%27%7%
Vietnam[8]
45.0%21.4%29.1%4.5%
Indigenous Australians[8]
44.4%55.6%––
Germany[8]
42.8%41.9%11.0%4.2%
Bengal[8]
22.0%24.0%38.2%15.7%
Sami people[8]
18.2%54.6%4.8%12.4%
New Zealand[10]
38.4%9.3%31.8%6.4%8.8%1.6%3.2%0.6%
Australia[citation needed]
40%9%31%7%8%2%2%1%
Finland[11]
27%4%38%6%15%2%7%1%
Sweden[citation needed]
32%6%37%7%10%2%5%1%
Denmark[12]
35%6%37%7%8%2%4%1%
France[citation needed]
36%6%37%7%9%1%3%1%
South Korea[13]
27.4%0.1%34.4%0.1%26.8%0.1%11.2%0.05%
United Kingdom[14]
37%7%35%7%8%2%3%1%
United States[15]
38%7%34%6%9%2%3%1%

Other human blood group systems

The International Society of Blood Transfusion currently recognizes 29 blood group systems[1] (including the ABO and Rh systems). Thus, in addition to the ABO antigens and Rhesus antigens, many other antigens are expressed on the RBC surface membrane. For example, an individual can be AB RhD positive, and at the same time M and N positive (MNS system), K positive (Kell system), Lea or Leb positive (Lewis system), and so on for each blood group system. Many of the blood group systems were named after the patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were initially encountered.

Importance for transfusions

Transfusion medicine is a specialized branch of hematology that is concerned with the study of blood group antigens and blood group antibodies, along with the work of a blood bank to provide a transfusion service for blood and other blood products. Across the world blood products must be prescribed by a medical doctor (licensed physician or surgeon) in a similar way to medicines. In the USA blood products are tightly regulated by the

Food and Drug Administration.

Blood transfusions between donor and recipient of incompatible blood types can cause severe acute immunological reactions, hemolysis (RBC destruction), renal failure, shock, and sometimes death. Antibodies can be highly active and can attack RBCs and bind components of the complement system to cause massive hemolysis of the transfused blood.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

An antenatal woman can make IgG blood group antibodies if her fetus has a blood group antigen that she does not. This can happen if some of the fetuses blood cells pass into the mother's blood circulation (ie a small fetomaternal hemorrhage at the time of child birth) or sometimes after a therapeutic blood transfusion. This can lead to Rh disease or another forms of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in her current baby or in subsequent pregnancies. Some blood groups can cause severe HDN, some can only cause mild HDN and others are not known to cause HDN.

Compatibility

Blood products

In order to provide maximum benefit from each blood donation and to extend shelf-life, blood banks fractionate whole blood into several products. The most common of these products are packed RBCs, plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitate, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP). FFP is quick-frozen to retain labile clotting factors V and VIII and usually administered to patients who have a potentially fatal clotting problem caused by a condition such as advanced liver disease, overdose of anticoagulant, or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Clotting factors synthesized by modern recombinant methods are now in routine clinical use for hemophilia, as the risks of infection transmission that occur with pooled blood products are avoided.

Cross matching blood

A patient should ideally receive their own blood or type-specific blood products to minimize the chance of a transfusion reaction. If time allows, the risk will further be reduced by cross-matching blood, in addition to blood typing both recipient and donor. Cross-matching involves mixing a sample of the recipient's blood with a sample of the donor's blood and checking to see if the mixture agglutinates, or forms clumps. Blood bank technicians usually check for agglutination with a microscope, and if it occurs, that particular donor's blood cannot be transfused to that particular recipient. Blood transfusion is a potentially risky medical procedure and it is vital that all blood specimens are correctly identified, so in cross-matching labeling is standardized using a barcode system known as ISBT 128.

RBC compatibility

•Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen. Therefore, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB being preferable), but can only donate blood to another group AB individual.
•Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the B antigen. Therefore, a group A individual can only receive blood from individuals of groups A or O (with A being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals of groups A or AB.
•Blood group B individuals have the B antigen on their surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen. Therefore, a group B individual can only receive blood from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals of groups B or AB.
•Blood group O individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, but their blood serum contains IgM antibodies against both A and B antigens. Therefore, a group O individual can only receive blood from a group O individual, but they can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (ie A, B, O or AB).

Donors of blood type O can give to A, B & AB; donors of types A & B can give to AB.

RBC compatibility table

Recipient blood typeDonor must be
AB+Any blood type
AB-O-A-B-AB-
A+O-O+A-A+
A-O-A-
B+O-O+B-B+
B-O-B-
O+O-O+
O-O-
An RhD negative patient (who has not been sensitized to RhD positive RBCs and who does not have any anti-D antibodies) can receive RhD positive blood cells, but there is a high probability that this would sensitize the patient to the RhD antigen, and a female patient would risk HDN. Therefore RhD positive blood is never given to RhD negative women of childbearing age, and is only given to other RhD negative patients in extreme circumstances, such as a major bleed when RhD negative red cells are running short. If a RhD negative patient has developed anti-D antibodies, a second exposure to RhD positive blood would lead to a potentially dangerous transfusion reaction. Occasionally, for transfusion of males or women above child-bearing age, RhD positive blood is given to a RhD negative individual (who do not have atypical red cell antibodies) when it is necessary to conserve RhD negative blood stocks in the blood bank for use in people where sensitisation to RhD antigens could cause serious problems. The converse is not true: RhD positive patients do not react to RhD negative blood.

Plasma compatibility

Plasma from type AB can be given to A, B & O; plasma from types A & B can be given to O.

Donor-recipient compatibility for blood plasma is the reverse from that of RBCs. Plasma extracted from type AB blood can be transfused to individuals of any blood group, but type O plasma can only be used by type O recipients.

Rhesus D antibodies are not usually naturally occurring, so generally both RhD negative and RhD positive blood do not contain anti-RhD antibodies. RhD negative or RhD positive donor blood plasma can therefore generally be transfused into both RhD negative and RhD positive recipients. Consequently RhD positive or RhD negative is irrelevant in the table below. If anti-RhD antibodies have developed in a donor these would be detected by antibody screening in the blood bank. Donor blood containing anti-RhD antibodies would not be suitable for transfusion into a RhD positive patient, but anyone with any strong atypical blood group antibodies would not be accepted as a blood donor.

Plasma compatibility table

Recipient blood typeDonor must be
ABAB
AA or AB
BB or AB
OAny blood type

Universal donors and universal recipients

Individuals with blood type O negative are often called universal donors and individuals with type AB positive blood are called universal recipients, but the terms universal donor and universal recipient are not very useful, because they only consider the reaction of the patient's antibodies to received red blood cells, and not the antibodies present in the transfused blood. These terms may be generally true for transfusions of packed red cells, where as much of the plasma as possible has been removed. Thus, although a transfusion of O negative blood to a patient of blood group A or B is unlikely to produce an immune reaction due to the recipient's antibodies, the transfused blood may itself contain antibodies to the patient's A and B antigens; this can cause an adverse reaction, although the risk is far less than that of an O negative patient receiving types A or B. For this reason an exact ABO-type match is preferable where circumstances allow. Additionally, the other red blood cell surface antigens that belong to blood groups other than the ABO blood group system might cause an adverse reaction if they can bind the corresponding antibodies.

With respect to transfusions of plasma this situation is reversed. Type O plasma can only be given to O recipients, while AB plasma (which does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies) can be given to patients of any ABO blood group.
Transfusion are further complicated because platelets and white blood cells (WBCs) have their own systems of surface antigens. Sensitization to platelet or WBC antigens can occur as a result of transfusion.

Miscellaneous

Some information in this article or section has not been verified and may not be reliable.
Please check for any inaccuracies, and modify and cite sources as needed.
•Use of blood types in forensic science and in paternity testing is being replaced by DNA analysis, which provides greater certitude.
•For RhD negative people, there is a risk associated with travelling to parts of the world where supplies of RhD negative blood are rare, particularly East Asia. Correspondingly, blood services in these areas may look to encourage westerners to donate blood.[citation needed]
•Some blood types may offer protection from certain disorders and illnesses. For example, Duffy blood group is related to immunity against some kinds of malaria, and is more common in ethnic groups from areas with a high incidence of malaria, probably as a result of natural selection.[citation needed]
•The Japanese blood type theory of personality is a popular belief that a person's ABO blood type is predictive of their personality, character, and compatibility with others.[citation needed] This belief has carried over to certain extent in other parts of East Asia such as South Korea and Taiwan. In Japan, asking someone their blood type is considered as normal as asking their astrological sign. It is also common for Japanese-made video games (especially Role-Playing Games) and manga series to include blood type with character descriptions.
•Some front-line military personnel choose to be tattooed with their blood type in case they should need an emergency blood transfusion.[citation needed] This was especially the case with frontline German Waffen SS troops fighting on the Eastern Front against the Russians during the Second World War, paradoxically this was an easy form of SS identification.
•Rare blood types can cause supply problems for blood banks and hospitals. For example, U-negative and Duffy-negative are two blood groups which occur much more frequently in people of African origin.[16] The rarity of these factors in the rest of the population can result in a shortage of U-negative and Duffy-negative blood for patients of African ethnicity.
•The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor (vWF) glycoprotein,[17] which participates in hemostasis (control of bleeding). In fact, having type O blood predisposes to bleeding,[18] as 30% of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group,[19] and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF (and Factor VIII) than do non-O individuals.[20][21] In addition, vWF is degraded more rapidly due the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF (an amino acid polymorphism in VWF):[22] the gene for ADAMTS13 (vWF-cleaving protease) maps to the ninth chromosome (9q34), the same locus as ABO blood type.
•In Nazi Germany research was done to associate B-type blood type with inferior personal characteristics.[citation needed] B-type blood was relatively common among German Jewish populations.[citation needed] This research has since been discredited.[citation needed]
•The blood type diet is a system whereby people modify their food intake and lifestyle according to their ABO blood group and secretor status for health

Blood Types - What are They?

Karl Landsteiner's ground-breaking discoveries of blood types earned him the Nobel Prize in 1930.
In 1901, an Austrian Scientist, Karl Landsteiner, found that reactions between substances present on the surface of red cells (antigens) and other substances in plasma (antibodies) sometimes caused the red blood cells to clump together, causing adverse reactions in recipients. After further experiments, he found four blood groups based on the presence or absence of two specific antigens, which are now called A and B.
An antigen is a protein or carbohydrate substance (such as a toxin or enzyme) capable of stimulating an immune response.
Landsteiner's discovery paved the way for a system of blood grouping called the ABO system. Every person's blood can be classified into one of four groups.

Name of blood group Antigen on red cell surface Antibodies present in plasma
Type A A Antigen Anti-B
Type B B Antigen Anti-A
Type AB A & B Antigen No Antibodies
Type O Neither Antigen Anti-A & Anti-B


Rhesus monkeys played a vital role in blood grouping
During 1939 and 1940, research involving rhesus monkeys identified another grouping factor - the Rhesus Factor (Rh factor). People, regardless of their ABO blood group, who were found to have a D antigen preset were grouped as Rh (D) positive and those without the D antigen were grouped as Rh (D) negative. The rhesus group is indicated by a "+" for Rh (D) positive or "-" for Rh negative after a person's ABO type. For example, A+ or O-. Your blood type is genetically determined.

WHICH BLOOD TYPE DO WE NEED MOST?

All blood groups are special in their own way and all blood groups are needed!
Many people with common blood types wrongly assume that their blood is not needed. In actual fact, a majority of patients in hospital are likely to have a common blood type, making this high in demand.
Since, the exact hospital demand for each blood group is impossible to determine for future dates it is vital to have a sufficient supply of all blood groups at all times.
Australia needs the regular commitment of voluntary blood donors from all blood groups.
The simple fact is - if each donor gave three times a year, Australia should never need to make emergency appeals for blood.
When a transfusion is given, it is preferable for patients to receive blood of the same ABO and Rh(D) group as their own. However, in life threatening situations, if the required blood type is unavailable, a patient may be given another group as shown below.

As you will see from the above table O negative blood can be given to a recipient of any other blood type. O negative blood is vital in emergency situations when there is no time to check the patient's blood type. O negative donors are referred to as "universal donors". Hence, it is vital that there is always a sufficient supply of O negative blood to ensure we are well prepared for emergencies.