what happens to hydrogen bonds in water when water freezes ?

Answer 1

Just as hydrogen bonds between water molecules trap them into forming a liquid even at warm everyday temperatures, so they also help to form the rigid solid ice at only slightly lower temperatures. However, when ice forms from liquid water, something rather odd happens, an oddness that is also life preserving. When the temperature is lowered, the water molecules of a liquid are shaken and jostled less vigorously, and hydrogen bonds can form more extensively and survive for longer. As a result, the molecules cease flowing readily as a liquid, and a stable solid forms instead. Now the shape of the molecule comes into play. An oxygen atom in the V-shaped water molecule has room to accommodate two hydrogen bonds, one to each of two neighboring molecules. Each oxygen atom now participates in four bonds-two ordinary oxygen-hydrogen bonds, and two hydrogen bonds to neighbors-and these four bonds point toward the corners of a tetrahedron. This arrangement, which is continued neighbor after neighbor through the solid, results in a very open structure for ice, and the water molecules are held apart as well as held together, like an open scaffold of atoms and bonds. When ice melts, this open structure collapses and forms a denser liquid. When water freezes, the collapsed structure of the liquid unfurls and expands into an open structure.

Answer 2

As is authentic in a super form of situations in technological know-how, the respond is: it relies upon". below the appropriate situations, it extremely is regularly authentic and is something it extremely is significant in casting steel alloys. the way it works is that the better superheat contraptions up convection currents interior the mould. evaluate a mildew it extremely is form of a barrel, a super extensive eating glass shape. those convection currents flow warm liquid down alongside the exterior and flow up interior the midsection. the mould is cool so the steel up against the wall cools and starts off to freeze. As freezing progresses, the solid grows as dendrites. The convection currents (being nonetheless greater temperature) soften the suggestions of the dendrites. in some unspecified time interior the destiny, the dendrite suggestions and branches will in part soften, injury off, and be carried alongside interior the present. it extremely is like sprinkling a super form of tiny ice cubes right into a cup of espresso, it cools very on the instant. those good products additionally furnish the appropriate nucleii so as that, whilst the superheat is long previous (and the convection currents are slowing down merely previously they end), those appropriate nucleii end melting and initiate becoming better. whilst that occurs, the midsection component of the casting will freeze up very on the instant, with an outstanding and uniform grain length (crystallite length). even in case your 2 water bottles will solidify this way relies upon length, shape, cooling situations, floor situations on the interior the bottles, purity of the water, etc.

Answer 3

Nothing. It's still H2O. It's just changed to a solid form and the molecules have formed crystals.

Answer 4

The atoms move slower and slower that it forms to a solid.

Answer 5

they are stronger