how do penguins survive in harsh conditions?

Answer 1

hopefully this is will help you out

Cold climate adaptations
To deal with the extended time in extreme cold, the Emperor Penguin has developed a number of physiological and behavioural adaptations:

A thick and relatively stiff 30 mm layer of feathers that provide the primary insulation. This layer is mechanically strengthened by short, strong feathers, ensuring relative immunity to ruffling (and hence heat loss) by all but the strongest of winds. The temperature gradient across this feather layer can be as much as 60°C.
A layer of blubber or fat, that provides additional insulation, although its main role is as an energy store. The temperature drop across this layer is typically no more than 5°C.
An efficient body shape, with a relatively low surface area to volume ratio.
A highly developed counter current heat exchange vascular system, that allows the skin and appendage temperatures to be lowered without, excessive heat loss.
Efficient metabolism, which allows a low breathing rate, to reduce heat loss through the lungs. An elaborate heat exchanger system in the nasal passages, which also reduces heat loss by using the heat of exhalation to warm incoming air.
To reduce the impact of wind, a sheltered site is selected for the rookery. However, site selection is not that simple, for a completely sheltered site will allow wind driven drift snow to settle. Therefore sites require sufficient wind scouring to prevent drift snow build-up.
The Emperor Penguins always stands in the cold, even though the prone position is probably the more stable and comfortable. This prevents the feather layer being squashed, which would significantly reduce its effectiveness as insulation. Further, while standing, the emperors rests back on its tarsi or heels to minimise the ground contact area.
In the cold, the Emperor Penguins will stand in a compact huddle, whether in a group of ten or many hundreds of birds. This social thermo-regulation reduces the total exposed surface area of the group and the total heat loss by up to 40%. Each penguin leans forward on a neighbour. The outside birds tend to face into the huddle and move slowly forward and induce a slow churning action. This churning gives all birds a turn on the inside, and the benefits of this behaviour.
The incubating egg is placed on the feet and completely covered with an inverted brooding pouch. In a huddle, this location is near optimal. Avoiding the need to build a nest also saves energy.
Emperor Penguins are very tolerant birds with no defined territory. They also mate for life. This behaviour is both energy and time efficient.

Answer 2

They are not harsh for a penguin.

Answer 3

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Answer 4

They huddle together as a group

Answer 5

Their bodies are kept warm by their thick feathers.