How is fiber optical transmission of electromagnetic waves done?

Answer 1

To build on RScanner's answer, the cable comes in rolls just like copper cable. The actually transmission medium is protecteed by layers of kevlar like material and other synthetics. (The actual fiber is quite small) Transmitters can be lasers (laser diodes) which "shoot" the beam down the fiber. Signals can be boosted by equipement placed in the line and fiber optics can be spliced together for longer lines.

Answer 2

Fiber Optics transmit light at between 1300 and 1600 nanometers. These are electromagnetic waves. The fiber behaves like a waveguide and channels the light down the fiber with very little loss.

Answer 3

First signal is considered either wave theory or by ray theory. In OFC when any ray of light is incident on the fiber-air interface within the acceptance angle then it accepted by OFC Also the condition of total internal reflection should satisfy at the core-cladding interface. If this condition is satisfied then the ray will travel from the source end to destination end by simple reflection which obeys the total internal reflection. But also when any ray strike the core-cladding interface then some energy loss occurs. If the condition of total internal reflection is not satisfied then the ray will not able to travel thru the fiber. It means that where the signal goes--just it goes to cladding and travel a while then absorb or lost by the cladding. Also in single mode fiber we always says that in wave path i.e. mode theory. It means that 80% of the energy travels in the core while 20% of the energy also carried by the cladding due to small diameter of fiber.