drug overdose occurs when a chemical substance (i.e. drug) is ingested in quantities and/or concentrations large enough to overwhelm the homeostasis of a living organism, causing severe illness or death. Essentially it is a type of poisoning.
The word "overdose" implies that there is a safe dosage and therefore the term overdose is commonly only applied to drugs, not poisons.
Drug overdoses are sometimes caused intentionally to commit suicide, but many drug overdoses are accidental and are usually the result of either irresponsible behavior (such as overindulging at a party), or the misreading of product labels. Other causes of overdose (especially heroin) include multiple drug use with counter indications (cocaine/amphetamines/alcohol) or use after a period of abstinence.
A common unintentional overdose in young children involves multi-vitamins containing iron. Iron is a component of the hemoglobin molecule in blood, used to transport oxygen to living cells. When taken in small amounts, iron allows the body to replenish hemoglobin, but in large amounts it causes severe pH imbalances in the body. If this overdose is not treated with chelation therapy, it can lead to death, or permanent coma.
[edit]
Symptoms
Symptoms of overdose occur in various forms:
Exaggerated form of normal action (sleepiness on antiepileptics, hypoglycemia on insulin)
Other effects due to chemical properties of the medication (metabolic acidosis in aspirin, liver failure due to paracetamol)
Non-specific symptoms due to central nervous system irritation (confusion, vertigo, nausea, vomiting)
[edit]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of an overdosed patient is generally straightforward if the drug is known. However, it can be very difficult if the patient cannot (or refuses to) state what drug they have overdosed on. At times, certain symptoms and signs exhibited by the patient, or blood tests, can reveal the drug in question. Even without knowing the drug, most patients can be treated with general supportive measures.
In some instances, empirical antidotes may be administered if there is sufficient indication that the patient has overdosed on a particular type of medication: naloxone in opioids and flumazenil in benzodiazepines. Rapid reversal of symptoms may serve as proof in these cases. [citation needed]
[edit]
First aid
Medical disclaimer
[edit]
Depressants
First aid can prevent a death from overdose of depressants as it may take several hours for someone to die in these cases. [citation needed] The common drugs in this category include opiates ( ie. heroin, morphine and methadone), alcohol, and certain prescription drugs such as benzodiazepines. Signs of overdose are those of a depressed central nervous system — slow, infrequent or shallow breathing, blue lips or fingernails, cold or pale skin, slow or faint pulse, snoring or gurgling noises, and the inability to be woken from nodding off.
The first step is to stay calm and see if you can get a response from the person by pinching an earlobe, calling their name or rubbing your knuckles against their chest.[citation needed]
If there is no response, see if they are breathing.
If they are not breathing, call an ambulance.
Proceed by making sure nothing is blocking their airway, such as vomit or their tongue.
Roll them on to their side into the recovery position and perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation.[1]
[edit]
Stimulants
People can overdose on stimulants, such as amphetamines, ecstasy and cocaine, too, with symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, muscle cramps, seizures, paranoia, psychosis, confusion, loss of control of movement, vomiting and lack of consciousness.
First aid in these cases involves staying with the person and helping them to remain calm. Move them to a quiet area, and where possible, apply a wet cloth to their neck or forehead. If unconscious, place them in the recovery position and call an ambulance.[1]
[edit]
Prevention
Be informed about any drugs you are taking.
Do not take different types of illicit drugs together. [2]
When you are unsure of a drug's strength, try a small dose first.
Be aware of low tolerance following a period of abstinence (e.g. a period in detox or rehab or after leaving prison) when it comes to illicit drugs.
[edit]
Causes
Common types of drugs that are overdosed on:
Barbiturates
Seconal
Nembutal
Narcotics
Heroin
Stimulants
Cocaine
Ethyl Alcohol
Alcoholic beverages
Prescription drugs
drug "cocktails", or a combination of numerous drugs
Now lets talk about addiction...
Addiction is a chronic disorder proposed to be precipitated by a combination of genetic, biological/pharmacological and social factors. Addiction is characterized by the repeated use of substances or behaviors despite clear evidence of morbidity secondary to such use.
Physical dependence on a substance is defined by the appearance of characteristic withdrawal symptoms when the drug is suddenly discontinued. While opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol and nicotine are all well known for their ability to induce physical dependence, other drugs share this property that are not considered addictive: cortisone, beta-blockers and most antidepressants are examples. So while physical dependency can be a major factor in the psychology of addiction, the primary attribute of an addictive drug is its ability to induce euphoria while causing harm.
Some drugs induce physical dependence or physiological tolerance - but not addiction - for example many laxatives, which are not psychoactive; nasal decongestants, which can cause rebound congestion if used for more than a few days in a row; and some antidepressants, most notably Effexor, Paxil and Zoloft, as they have quite short half-lives, so stopping them abruptly causes a more rapid change in the neurotransmitter balance in the brain than many other antidepressants. Many non-addictive prescription drugs should not be suddenly stopped, so a doctor should be consulted before abruptly discontinuing them.
The speed with which a given individual becomes addicted to various substances varies with the substance, the frequency of use, the means of ingestion, and the individual. Some alcoholics report they exhibited alcoholic tendencies from the moment of first intoxication, while most people can drink socially without ever becoming addicted. Studies have demonstrated that opioid dependent individuals have different responses to even low doses of opioids than the majority of people. Because of these variations, in addition to the adoption and twin studies that have been well replicated, the medical community is satisfied that addictive disease is in part genetically moderated. Nicotine is one of the most addictive psychoactive substances: although 35 million smokers make an attempt to quit every year, less than 7% achieve even one year of abstinence.*
Eating disorders are complicated pathological mental illnesses and thus are not considered addictions. More information about eating disorders can be found at http://www.edap.org or http://www.something-fishy.org
From the NIDA research report on nicotine addiction.
[edit]
Psychological addiction
Psychological addictions are a dependency of the mind, and lead to psychological withdrawal symptoms. Addictions can theoretically form for any rewarding behavior, or as a habitual means to avoid undesired activity, but typically they only do so to a clinical level in individuals who have emotional, social, or psychological dysfunctions, taking the place of normal positive stimuli not otherwise attained (see Rat Park).
Drug addiction can = drug overdose. Get it?
2006-09-21 20:46:12
·
answer #5
·
answered by heatherlynnmorrow 5
·
1⤊
0⤋