The types of anatomical shock?

Question

I've heard a few different things on the different types of shock. Doing an internet search gives me different answers. If anyone has a RECENT answer on how many types of shock there are, their names, and information on them I'd greatly appreciate it. Also, please list a web address if you KNOW that it is legitimate and up to date.
Thank you!

Answer 1

Shock is a state of inadequate end organ perfusion. This means that relative to the demand for oxygen, the supply is inadequate - in some region of the body. There are multiple ways that this can occur, and the manifestations are different.

Hypovolemic shock is the best understood by most people. In this situation, blood volume has been lost, and the body undergoes several compensatory mechanisms. First, because of the loss of filling pressure in the heart, the amount of blood per heartbeat (stroke volume) is decreased, and the heartrate compensates by increasing. There are 4 stages of hypovolemic shock, and if increased heart rate is enough to compensate for the loss of volume, then the stage is, at worst, 2. If the heartrate increase is not enough to normalize the blood pressure, and the blood pressure is low, then it is stage 3, and once the patient has altered mental status from lack of blood flow to the central nervous system, it is stage 4. The treatment for hypovolemic shock is to stop the bleeding and replace the lost volume. The longer someone stays in hypovolemic shock, the worse the outcome.

Cardiogenic shock is a failure to adequately pump the blood (with its oxygen) to the bodily tissues, not because of insufficient blood volume, but instead because of pumping problems. Someone who has had a large heart attack and a major portion of the heart muscle has stopped moving may suffer poor pump function and go into cardiogenic shock. Also, someone who has marginal heart function who is overloaded on fluid may go into congestive heart failure. Either way, the pump output from the heart is inadequate and the bodily tissues suffer. Again, like with hypovolemic shock, the longer this status goes uncorrected, the worse the outcome.

Septic shock is a completely different phenomenon from the above mentioned. Instead of a failure of flow from the heart, this is primarily a failure of the blood vessels. There are two components that maintain the blood pressure and flow. One is the amount of flow being sent out from the heart. The other is the amount of squeeze that the blood vessels exert on the fluid within them. If the blood vessels all relax suddenly, then the blood pressure plummets. The heart will react by increasing in rate, but it is likely to be inadequate. Shock ensues. Septic shock is a problem that occurs when chemicals released from cells of the immune system are circulated throughout the body in response to bacterial infection. These chemicals, called cytokines, are key elements of the body's response to localized injury and healing. However, when they are released broadly over the entire body, they can be deleterious. One manifestation of this, is a total vascular collapse with resultant low blood pressure and shock.

Neurogenic shock has characteristics similar to septic shock. Like septic shock, neurogenic shock involves a collapse of the normal tone of the peripheral vasculature. In neural shock, instead of this being the result of chemicals circulating in the body, it is the result of injury to the nerves that go to the blood vessels and tell them to squeeze. These nerves are called "sympathetics" and they can be injured (permanently or temporarily) when the neck or spine is damaged, or when certain anesthetic techniques are used (spinal anesthesia).

Anaphylaxis is an out-of-control immune response akin to allergy. Like an allergic response that can involve swelling and hives, anaphylaxis involves the chemistry of swelling, i.e., cytokines which are vasoactive. Anaphylactic shock is again like septic and neurogenic shock in that it involves low blood flow to the organs of the body because the vascular channels have all relaxed, and the pressure plummets.

Another type of shock, not typically known about by laypeople, is hypoadrenal shock. This is a fascinating topic that is only now becoming widely recognized in the medical community. The problem is that some people in critical condition with their organ systems failing, seem to have inappropriately blunted responses to resuscitative measures. Low blood pressure that is not responsive to infusions of fluid and blood, and is resistant to powerful medications that cause vascular constriction, is sometimes due to the body not appropriately reacting with an increase in cortisol level that should be made by the adrenal glands. This can be tested by drawing cortisol levels and stimulating the adrenal glands, but often all that is needed is to give a big dose of cortisol type hormone, and the response is nearly miraculous! All of a sudden, the patient actually responds to therapy.

There are many exellent text sources for a basic understanding of shock, but this is a topic that is studied at the cutting edge of critical care medicine, especially in the area of trauma. These topics are covered in surgical text books and require quite a lot of background knowledge. I am unaware if there is a definitive source worth reading online. I have access to online texts through academic gateways, but I do not think that these expensive proprietary websites are available for free. I would recommend that you seek medical, and specifically surgical text books at a library.

... I hope that helps!

Answer 2

Major classes of shock include:

Cardiogenic shock (associated with heart problems)
Hypovolemic shock (caused by inadequate blood volume)
Anaphylactic shock (caused by allergic reaction)
Septic shock (associated with infections)
Neurogenic shock (caused by damage to the nervous system)

Answer 3

The following are types of shock and its causes:
Hypovolemic - inadequate volume as in cases of hemorrhage and dehydration.

Cardiogenic - inadequate pump as in cases of heart and vessels problems. It occurs when the heart stops pumping in response to conditions such as heart attack or electrocution.

Distributive - increased vascular space
» Anaphylactic - results from an allergic response that causes the release of inflammatory substances that increase vasodilation and capillary permeability.
» Septic - results from peritoneal, systemic, and gangrenous infections that cause the release of toxic substances into the circulatory system, depressing the activity of the heart, leading to vasodilation, and increasing capillary permeability.
» Neurogenic - rapid loss of vasomotor tone that leads to vasodilation to the extent that a severe decrease in blood pressure results.

Answer 4

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Answer 5

All of the above responses are corrrect, but one type was left out. The last type of shock would be psychogenic shock.

Answer 6

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