There were a lot of better qualified people available to be king of England - unfortunately most of them were Catholic. George I was a German who did not speak a word of English, but was Protestant. So started the rule of the House of Hanover, under whom Britain achieved wealth and peace over the next century
George was immediately challenged by James II's son, James the Old Pretender, landing in Scotland in an abortive attempt to seize the throne. James soon fled back into exile in France With foreign kings. parliament became more powerful, and the leading politician was Walpole who was prime minister until 1742. He avoided the expense of war, and Britain prospered
In 1745 the exiled Stuarts led by James II's grandson, Bonnie Prince Charlie.His Highland army got as far south as Derby, but a poor supply line and English reinforcements forced them to retreat. A retreat that ended with the final defeat at Culloden
The coming of George III to the throne in 1760, brought the first British born king for 50 years. And a king who was to reign for the next 50 years. They were exciting times, marred only by the loss of the American Colonies.
A canal network was built Captain Cook explored the Pacific Robert Adams was the architect to commission, John Wilkes won liberties for the people, Josiah Wedgwood made china, Gainsborough and Stubbs paints, Capability Brown designed gardens
Britain won new territories in Canada and India, but lost the oldest settlement of all, with the declaration of independence by the American colonies in 1776 and the final surrender at Yorktown in 1781
The loss of the American colonies brought about changes in Britain with the appointment of Pitt the Younger as prime minister, whose legislative programme was to bring about the end of royal power.
At home the industrial revolution was in full swing. Coal fires lit the night sky as they powered steam engines in factories. But in Europe, French power was manifesting itself following the French revolution in 1789. Nelsons's victory at Trafalgar ensured the Britain ruled the seas, but French troops controlled Europe. A major war loomed
Nelson's victory at sea in 1805 and Wellington's on land at Waterloo in 1815, marked the end of major wars for a century. Britain was the dominant power, and the defeat of Napoleon removed French aspirations to rule the world
The death of George IV was not regretted by the nation - the Times wrote "there was never an individual less regretted by his fellow creatures than this deceased king" It was an age of poets - Keats, Shelly and Byron. Of Science - Faraday and Davy in electricity, Stephenson with his steam train , artists like Constable and Turner. It was against this background that Victoria came to the throne in 1837, to commence a reign that spanned 64 years
Victoria was 18 when she became queen. She became a symbol of her age. It was an age of steam and iron, men like Brunel came to prominence, He surveyed the Great Western railway to Bristol, he built bridges and tunnels that still exist today, he built the Great Eastern, the largest ship afloat.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park was a showcase for British achievements. Authors like Dickens and the Bronte sisters wrote novels. A new parliament building was constructed at Westminster after the old building burnt down 1854 brought British involvement in the Crimean War in Russia, and one of those heroic defeats when the Light brigade charged massed Russian guns. One outcome of this defeat was that in future the British army would be better officered, with wealth no longer being the sole key to promotion.
Charles Darwin completed his voyage in the Beagle in 1837 and produced his theories of evolution. Africa was explored by men like David Livingstone
Slavery was abolished throughout the Empire, and Britain used her naval power to blockade the West African coast and arrest slavers The British Empire, like all empires, was acquired by force of arms. By 1900 Britain had the largest navy in the world, and used it to control an Empire "on which the sun never set". The map shows the British Empire in 1900, with Canada, Australia, India, large chunks Africa, the Caribbean and the Far East
However by Victoria's death in 1901, Britain was being challenged militarily by Germany. European countries rushed to arm themselves and protect themselves with a series of alliances.
The result of these warlike happenings was that , when an Austrian Archduke was assassinated in Bosnia in 1914, the alliances led to virtually every nation in Europe becoming involved, with the Central Powers fighting the Allies 10 million men were to die before peace was declared in 1918
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Bosnia. Within weeks the whole of Europe was at war. The Austrians blamed the Serbs and declared war on Serbia. Russia was allied to the Serbs, Germany to Austria, France top Russia and Britain to France. 750,000 Britons died in the next 4 years of trench warfare. This was the first war Britain had fought on European soil since Waterloo closer on a century before. German hopes of a quick victory by a rapid advance on Paris were dashed at the battle of the Marne in September 1914. The Germans dug in, the French & British dug in and the stalemate on the Western Front was about to begin.
Tens of thousands of men died as they were ordered vainly to attack well dug in enemy troops. On the first day of the Battle of the Somme in 1916, 19,000 British troops were killed in a day. And 400,000 Allies were killed or wounded at the Somme.
Stalemate continued at sea as well as on land. The battle of Jutland, the only major sea battle of the war, took place in the North Sea in 1916. The result was inconclusive
It was only in 1918 that the Allies, with the Americans now in the war, began to make advances. A better battle plan and the use of the new tanks gave the Allies the breakthrough that they had been seeking for years. Within three months the war was over
Altogether over 8 million soldiers on both sides had died. New weapons like the tank, poison gas, and the aircraft had entered wars. Cavalry were no longer used. Air raids and U-boat attacks on merchant ships brought war to the civilian population as well as to the combatants
However the war did not create a " land fit for heroes to live in" as the war time prime minister had promised. Britain was to enter an era of social change, economic recession and large scale unemployment
The issue of votes for women, re-surfaced after World War I ended. Women had played their part in the factories and the movement started by Mrs. Pankhurst led to a limited voting franchise for women in 1918, and full equality with men in 1928
The working class became unionised, and labour relations deteriorated. The culmination was the General Strike in May 1926, when some 2 million key workers went on strike over plans to reduce wages and lengthen working hours. The General Strike itself failed, but it did make trades unionists realise that they could not lead British workers into a class war, b8ut that the process of winning at the ballot box would give them real power to change the country
In the 1930's Britain was focused on the continuing high unemployment at home. Then there was the shock of the abdication of Edward VIII who wished to marry an American divorcee in 1936.
Few saw the threat of Hitler's rise to power in Germany. Germany was re-arming at a frightening rate, but Britain had neither the inclination nor the money to follow Hitler's increased spending on armaments.
Eventually Hitler's expansion went too far. The German invasion of Poland led Britain by treaty to declare war on Germany. In 1939 World War II started.
The British Army in Europe soon lost to the Germans, who quickly conquered most of continental Europe. After the evacuation of the British troops from Dunkirk in France back to England in 1940, Britain stood alone against Hitler. Germany tried to conquer Britain by first gaining air supremacy. However the Germans lost the Battle of Britain, the first battle to be fought solely in the air
Hitler then tried bombing Britain into submission, but failed thee to. Further afield the British 8th Army was on the retreat in North Africa, and Britain had lost to the Japanese in the Far East, with Singapore and Malaya falling the Japs were at the gates of India. At sea German U-Boats had sunk nearly 8 million tons of allied ships in 1942.
With the eventual American entry into the war, following Pearl Harbour, Britain gained vital reinforcements in men and supplies. The German and Japanese supply lines were at full stretch, and eventually a string of victories forced the enemy to retreat. Victory at Alamein led eventually to the Germans being driven from North Africa, and the invasion of Italy
The planned invasion of France by the allies took place in June 1944, fighting their way out from the bridgehead beaches was a bloody affair, but eventually they did, and within a year World War II was over, and Europe lay in ruins
Immediately after the end of World War II, Britain underwent enormous social change. The country was bankrupt after the war. The wartime prime minister, Churchill was voted out and a new Labour government nationalised many industries, electricity, gas, water, health. Britain took a long time to recover from the cost of war.
After a last abortive fling at being a world power - the Anglo-French invasion of the Suez Canal in 1956 - Britain began to dismantle her Empire. Harold Macmillan's "wind of change". It was this change that caused Dean Acheson, former US Secretary of State to remark "Britain has lost an Empire, but has not yet found a role
Perhaps it was this loss of a world position that caused further changes within Britain. The Swinging Sixties brought the mini skirt and the Beetles. If Dean Acheson was worried about Britain's role, the British were not worrying, they were too busy enjoying themselves
Our Royal family became more newsworthy. The marriage of Price Charles to Diana brought some much needed glamour to the Royal family, which was stuck somewhere in the forties. The birth of two sons "the heir and the spare" was followed soon after by recriminations and divorce. Never the less the British monarchy remains , and remains newsworthy
The 1980's were characterized by Mrs. Thatcher, the Iron Lady who started off so well, a strong leader full of good ideas. But, as with so many strong leaders came to think that she was more important than her electorate. Like the British kings and queens of old, she surrounded herself with sycophantic advisors and courtiers, and was allowed to push through a number of completely potty laws like Poll Tax, that eventually brought about her fall from office. Democracy in action, in the past an absolute monarch could never have been democratically removed
Britain is still in the late 1990's searching for that role - she has never been fully committed to Europe, but cannot afford to go it alone. The search for a comfortable marriage with the rest of Europe has been long, rough and unresolved. It will undoubted occupy our politicians for the next century
However the British economy is in good shape. Constitutional changes are bound to continue - though we do not have a written constitution. The House of Lords will probably be replaced by a more democratic second chamber, the jury is out on whether we will have Prince Charles as our next king, we will probably join the European monetary system late, there will probably be more devolved power to the regions as well as the agreed changes for Scotland and Wales, the Irish question will remain unsolved
2006-09-13 23:18:49
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answer #10
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answered by ★HigHTƹcH★ 7
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