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.....Origin of name Sāmān was explained also in connection with the word shāmān [Gunaltay, 1938, p. 77]. Among Ural-Altaic people of Central Asia, Ural Mountains and Siberia there are some people named saman/shaman/samay/ samar whose origin connected with southern regions, from where they arrived in ancient times [Vasilevich, 1965, p. 139 - 145]. Al-Bīrūnī mentioned in Central Asia a religious community al-shamaniyya, which followers were idolaters, but did not like the Brahmans [Biruni, 1963, p 66 - 67]. The people of Khurāsān named the Buddhists shamaniyin or shamanān (plural of shaman) [al-Biruni, p. 206]. Ibn an-Nadīm named the Buddhists as- samaniyya [Ibn an-Nadim; Flugel, 1862, p. 76, 105, 385]. In the Indian mythology šamana means " a governor ", one of names of Yima, and in Buddhist tradition šramana means "one who makes efforts", who borrowed the second step in Buddhist hierarchy [Louis, 1977, vol. 8, p. 41, 344].
The Pahlavi word saman (Sāhmān) is originated from the Sanskrit word, which means "paying attention, care" [Dehkhoda, 1993, vol. 8, p. 11769]. In Zoroastrian religious literature name Sāmān is mentioned alongside with names of such demons and persons, as Akataš, Akoman, Arastāy, Waran, Nanhais, Sabuk, Taurec, Hyon and Zarec [Anthologie, p. 395, 414, 430; Dencard, p. 24, 160; Dadastan i Denig, p. 107]. In opinion of Zoroastrians "demons" might be Buddhist gods and priests, and in structure of names of some of them we can see Turkic words and peoples names: taš, tay, kuman, avar, tur and xion.
From these data follows, that origin of the name Sāmān, probably, was connected with the Buddhism, and Sāmān-xudāt, consequently, was not a Zoroastrian priest, as the sources informed, but the Buddhist, and this corresponds to situation in pre-Islamic Balx, where the Buddhism was dominated [Barthold, 1945, p. 48]. It is not also excluded, that Sāmān-xudāt could be a Manihean. In Balx or near to it some time (during 3rd - 8th c. AD) there was a strong Manihean community. In 6th century AD here has been written one of magic Parthian-Manihean texts reflecting close contacts of the Maniheans and the Buddhists..............
2006-09-11 23:46:56
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answer #3
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answered by seshu 4
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