How were the Pyramids built????? (Egypt)?

Question

How were the Pyramids built?????

a. Techniques

b. Tools & Equipment

Answer 1

Manpower and Techniques

Answer 2

The work of quarrying, moving, setting, and sculpting the huge amount of stone used to build the Great Pyramid was most likely accomplished by two crews of 2,000 workers each. Teams of bakers, carpenters, water carriers, and others probably served the pyramid builders, so that a total of about 25,000 men and women may have lived year-round near the construction site. None of the workers were slaves. Most were probably farmers, contracted to work for a limited period. Specialists, who were permanently employed by the king, filled the positions that required the most skill—architects, masons, metal workers, and carpenters.

In building Khufu’s pyramid, the architects used techniques developed by earlier pyramid builders. They selected a site at Giza on a relatively flat area of bedrock—not sand—which provided a stable foundation. After carefully surveying the site and laying down the first level of stones, they constructed the Great Pyramid in horizontal levels, one on top of the other.

Most of the stone for the interior of the Great Pyramid was quarried immediately to the south of the construction site. The smooth exterior of the pyramid was made of a fine grade of white limestone that was quarried across the Nile. These exterior blocks had to be carefully cut, transported by river barge to Giza, and dragged up ramps to the construction site. Only a few exterior blocks remain in place at the bottom of the Great Pyramid. During the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century) people took the rest away for building projects in the city of Cairo.

To ensure that the pyramid remained symmetrical, the exterior casing stones all had to be equal in height and width. Workers marked all the blocks to indicate the angle of the pyramid wall and trimmed the surfaces carefully so that the blocks fit together. During construction the outer surface of the stone was left unfinished; excess stone was removed later.

As the Great Pyramid rose, the workers built large ramps to drag their materials up the sides of the structure. The exact form of these ramps is not known, but scholars believe that they were probably built wrapping around the pyramid as they rose. These ramps were probably made of desert clay mixed with water and bonded with limestone debris left over from the construction work.

When the workers had completed the pyramid and installed the pyramidion, or cap stone, ramps still covered the surface of the pyramid. As the workers dismantled the ramps from the top down, they slowly exposed the pyramid’s stone surface, which stonemasons smoothed and polished. When the ramp was gone, the pyramid was displayed in its full majesty

Answer 3

The conventional explanation is that they built ramps of packed earth and then hauled blocks up using rollers.

They used simple tools such as wedges and levers to move the blocks into place.

Archeological evidence shows that the workers who built the Pyramids were skilled artisans who were well paid and well fed, not slaves who were worked to death.

Answer 4

This answer deals with the larger stone pyramids of the Old Kingdom in Egypt. Royal pyramids were also constructed during the Middle Kingdom and early New Kingdom, but were of a different design, utilizing less solid stone block construction. Pyramids were also constructed of mud-brick for royal family members and non-royal elites in Egypt. Smaller, more steeply sided pyramids were constructed by the Napatan and Merotic king of Nubia (modern Sudan).

While all of the precise methods regarding how the pyramids were built are not known, there are some general areas of consensus among professional scholars. (Think about it - if you saw a modern skyscraper, fully built, but had no idea about modern building techniques and had no written materials directly relating to the building of the skyscraper, would you know exactly how it was built?)

Tools included square levels and plumb bobs, set squares, and vertical plumb bobs (which can be seen in the Cairo Museum), as well as copper blades for stone cutting, pounding stones for dressing stone blocks, and a ridged, mushroom shaped device that may have served as a sort of "proto-pulley."

There is a general consensus among professional Egyptologists about construction techniques, most involving the use of ramps, the consensus breaks down a little on the details of construction, but there are several very good theories about the practicalities of moving blocks into place, etc. The most common theory involves the construction of ramps either directly outward or in a sort of spiral that rose as the pyramid rose. Blocks were dragged into place on sledges or on rolling logs. There is also evidence to suggest that those blocks that were not quarried on-site were moved to the building site during the annual innundation (flood) when they could be floated in close to the building site, and then moved by brute force into place.

It should also be kept in mind that each royal pyramid was constructed individually and while there was a standard layout and design of the overall complex, specific techniques probably varied slightly from pyramid to pyramid, depending upon the building site, size of the pyramid, and materials used.

Experimental studies by Dr. Mark Lehner have demonstrated that large blocks can be moved with a sufficient amount of man power - do a Google search for his name for more information on this. I believe it was also a subject of a NOVA special called "This Old Pyramid."
Unfortunately, until recently the evidence for the ramps has been circumstantial as such things would obviously be removed post-construction.
A French Egyptologist has recently found good evidence for remnants of ramps. I'm not certain how widely disseminated the information has been in the public sector - the reference I'm familiar with is in French in a scholarly journal.

Pyramid construction relied on highly skilled teams of workmen who were housed nearby the pyramid fields - in the Old Kingdom located in the general vicinity of the ancient capital Memphis at sites now knows as Giza, Saqqara, Meidum, and Dashur. A few pyramids in the Middle Kingdom were located near the Fayum, roughly Middle Egypt.
In addition to the full-time workmen, there was likely a seasonal labor requirement asked of the lower classes of Egyptian society - a sort of taxation, often referred to by the French term "corvee" labor. This is distinct from slavery. While the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (writing over a thousand years after the construction of the pyramids at Giza) reported that he was told the pyramids at Giza were constructed by slaves, Herodotus was wrong about any number of things in his reports and may not even have visited Egypt in person, so he is usually not taken as a realiable source.

The Egyptians were perfectly capable of using the basic mathematics necessary for the construction and layout of most pyramids. Despite the superb accuracy of the layout and plan, this was not impossible for them to achieve, nor did it require calculus. While no mathematical texts from the Old Kingdom survive, texts from the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period demonstrate a clear familiarity on the part of the Egyptians with basic arithmetic, geometry, and trigonometry.

Tools included plumb bobs, angle pieces, hammers and chisels made either of stone or of wood (hammers) and chisels or blades of copper or bronze.

Answer 5

Everyone knows that the pyramids were built by the aliens.



P.S. please Dont take me serious I dont really believe that

Answer 6

The stones were sung into place by magical dwarves who had levitation powers. See links.

Answer 7

I think that aliens showed them how, otherwise how could these people know all this stuff??

Answer 8

Both!

Answer 9

the same way america was.......slave labor!

Answer 10

slave labor