what famous criminal case made fingerprinting the standard for personal identifications?

Answer 1

The History of the Fingerprint Bureau

Following on from recommendations of the Belper Committee in 1901, the Fingerprint Bureau was formed. It was headed by Sir Edward Henry.

The first successful conviction using fingerprints was in a burglary case in 1902 and the burglar, Harry Jackson was jailed.

In 1902, 1,722 fingerprint identifications were made at Scotland Yard using Henry's fingerprint classification system. This was compared to almost 400 identifications made by Bertillion's anthropometric system between 1894 and 1900.

The Chief Medical Examiner for the Civil Service Commission in New York diverted his joumey,from France to London after hearing about the Jackson case. Following tuition from Scotland Yard on the basic principles of fingerprint identification he returned to the USA and set up the first fingerprint collection in the USA in December 1902.

In 1903, Sir Henry became Commissioner.

Fingerprint evidence was used as evidence in a murder case for the first time in May 1905 at the Old Bailey.

The reputation of the Fingerprint Bureau was growing internationally and in 1905, William Pinkerton of the famous US detective agency visited the branch.

Before 1913 only Prison Warders had taken fingerprints. After this date the Fingerprint Bureau trained detectives to take fingerprints.

Fingerprints were telegraphed operationally from Australia and New Zealand for the first time to Scotland Yard in 1924.

In 1924 the Fingerprint Bureau became an independent department.

Detective Chief Inspector Battley and Detective Superintendent Cherril created the fingerprint 'singles' classification and filing system in 1928 to improve the number of fingermark identifications.

The following year their new system resulted in 360 identifications.

Palm prints were tendered as evidence for the first time in a British Court in 1931 at the Old Bailey. The defendant was sentenced to 14 months hard labour for burglary.

On 4th January 1954 the first civilian Fingerprint Officer was recruited.

Detective Superintendent Cherrill, MBE published his book in l954, 'The Fingerprint System at Scotland Yard' which became an internationally recognised text book.

In 1955 a murder on a golf course at Potters Bar resulted in a mass palm printing exercise of the local residents.

The Fingerprint Bureau was instrumental in identifying many of the suspects in the 1963, 'Great Train Robbery', after an exhaustive examination of their hide-out at Leatherslade Farm.

In 1963 the Fingerprint Bureau began investigating the potential of fingerprint computer search systems.

In 1966 the conversion of the National Fingerprint Collection began in preparation for the loading of digital coding information onto the planned computer system.

Scenes of Crime Officers were recruited in 1969 by the MPS in a bid to increase the number of crime scene examinations conducted each year. These officers were trained to retrieve all types of physical evidence including fingermarks.

In 1970, the process of 'lifting' marks was introduced and the resultant lifts were then put through an automated photographic machine in bulk.

In 1976 the fingerprint application of the Police National Computer (PNC) went live. Computer technology complemented and added to the manual search and comparison skills and procedures used when processing marks found at the scene of a crime.

After several years of research and planning, in 1977 an automatic retrieval system known as the 'Videofile System' was installed at NSY. Identification officers at visual display units made fingerprint comparisons. This eliminated the need for much laborious searching. It also meant a rapid computer response if there were no matches to the coding inquiries.

In 1978 'Videofile' went live.

The 150th anniversary of the Metropolitan Police was celebrated in 1979. During a commemorative ceremony the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh had their thumbprints taken.

The Fingerprint Bureau was divided into the National Fingerprint Office (search and compare sets of prints for criminal record purposes) and MPS Scenes of Crime Branch (to search and compare fingerprint records and marks submitted for crime scenes) in 1980.

The first civilian Head of the MPS Scenes of Crime Branch was appointed in 1982.

In 1984 the first automatic fingerprint recognition system was installed at Scotland Yard.

The Serious Crime Unit was formed in 1984/5. The multi-disciplined team of fingerprint experts, photographers, biologists and chemists were tasked to enhance the retrieval of fingermarks at major crime scenes or on exhibits taken from them.

Fingerprint Officers and Scenes of Crimes Officers were assimilated in 1988 to become multiskilled 'Identification Officers' - trained in fingerprint and forensic skills.

The National Fingerprint Collection grew to 4.5 million sets of fingerprints.

The Fingerprint Bureau took part in a pilot scheme testing NAFIS in 1998.

In 2000, the Fingerprint Bureau made 10,000 identifications from marks found at crime scenes. The Bureau receives approximately 120,000 fingerprint sets each year.

Answer 2

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