What is the reason of glucoma eye disorder? Answer with details of its type and remmedy is requested?

Question

My father has been declared 'Glucoma suspect' though his IOP is well within range 14 (Hg). His fundus is 0.9 in both the eyes. I am looking for 'dos and don'ts' for my father. Thanks

Answer 1

There is no reason that has been found as to why people develop glaucoma, although there are risk factors and it is considered to be genetic.
The reason he is considered a glaucoma suspect is probably because of his large C/D ratio. The 0.9 you mention has to do with how big the cup of his optic nerve is compared to the disc of the optic nerve. The larger the number means that there is more cup and that perhaps some of the nerve cells are dying off. This is what happens in glaucoma and results in loss of vision.
A visual field test and perimetry (measurement of the thickenss of his cornea) gives the doctor more information as to the progression and outcome. Since he is just considered a glaucoma suspect, he has not yet been diagnosed with glaucoma but it is important for him to visit his eye doctor more frequently than normal to keep a close eye on his condition. If it is found that it is progressing, he will most likely be started on some glaucoma meds (drops) to lower his IOP even more.

Answer 2

1

Answer 3

2

Answer 4

Yes. It's called Divine Laziness, and Ignorant Design. Ignorant Design comes into it when people answer a completely different question to what was asked, or choose to rant instead of answering. A lovely example I once had was a cut'n'paste that filled the page, but did not answer the question at all. I've also had a few people who completely ignore the question itself, and just say stuff like 'I agree'. Okay, you agree. Fair enough, now would you like to tell me your answer at any time? Divine Laziness is the other great religious reason for not reading. It takes the form of a question format (I'll steal your example): Q: Why don't Xs ever seem to tolerate Ys? QD: I don't personally think there's many Xs who dislike Ys, it's just a small minority who tend to be extremely rude and disgusting in their attitudes. A case of the noisiest few, so to speak. What's your opinion on this? A: We're not ALL like that!!! Stop being so judgemental!! ummmm.....READ IT NEXT TIME!!!! lol. ((((hugs))))

Answer 5

"do" wash your hands after using the toilet.
"don't" forget to look both ways before crossing.

Answer 6

Glaucoma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Glaucoma ICD-10 H40-H42
ICD-9 365

Human eye cross-sectional view. Courtesy NIH National Eye Institute
The pink rim of disc contains nerve fibers. The white cup is a pit with no nerve fibers. As glaucoma advances, the cup enlarges until it occupies most of the disc area. Courtesy AgingEye TimesGlaucoma is a group of diseases of the optic nerve involving loss of retinal ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern of optic neuropathy. Although raised intraocular pressure is a significant risk factor for developing glaucoma, there is no set threshold for intraocular pressure that causes glaucoma. One person may develop nerve damage at a relatively low pressure, while another person may have high eye pressures for years and yet never develop damage. Untreated glaucoma leads to permanent damage of the optic nerve and resultant visual field loss, which can progress to blindness.

Contents [hide]
1 Types
2 Symptoms
3 Risk factors and diagnosis
4 Treatment
4.1 Drugs
4.2 Surgery
5 Major studies
6 See also
7 References
8 External links



[edit]
Types
The most common type, primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) (H40.1), frequently has no symptoms and has been nicknamed "the sneak thief of sight". One factor may be a relative obstruction on the outflow of aqueous humour from the eye. Aqueous humour is produced by the epithelium lining the eye's ciliary body which then flows through the pupil and into the anterior chamber. The trabecular meshwork then drains the humour to Schlemm's canal, and ultimately to the venous system. All eyes have some intraocular pressure, which is caused by some resistance to the flow of aqueous through the trabeculum and Schlemm's canal. Pressures of anywhere between 7 and 21 mm Hg are considered normal. If the intraocular pressure (IOP) is too high, (>21.5 mm Hg), the pressure exerted on the walls of the eye results in compression of the ocular structures. However, other factors such as disturbances of blood flow in the optic nerve head may interact with IOP to affect the optic nerve. In one third of cases of POAG there is statistically normal IOP. This is called normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Because optic nerve examination and perimetry testing are not always done in addition to IOP measurement in those at risk, NTG is underdiagnosed and the condition presents late. Pigmentary glaucoma, caused by pigment dispersion syndrome, is a form of POAG.

Another type, acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) (H40.2), is characterized by an acute rise in the intraocular pressure. This occurs in susceptible eyes when the pupil dilates and blocks the flow of fluid through it, leading to the peripheral iris blocking the trabecular meshwork. Acute angle-closure glaucoma can cause pain and reduced visual acuity (blurred vision), and may lead to irreversible visual loss within a short time. This is an ocular emergency requiring immediate treatment. Many people with glaucoma experience halos around bright lights as well as the loss of sight characterized by the disease.

Primary congenital glaucoma (Q15.0) or buphthalmos is a rare genetic disease affecting infants. Newborns present with enlarged globes and clouded corneas. It is thought that reduced trabecular permeability is the cause of increased intraocular pressure. Surgery is the treatment.

Secondary glaucoma (H40.3-H40.6) occurs as a complication of various medical conditions such as eye surgery, advanced cataracts, eye injuries, some eye tumors, uveitis, diabetes or use of corticosteroid drugs.

[edit]
Symptoms
While glaucoma may or may not have distinct symptoms, an almost inevitable complication of glaucoma is vision loss. Visual loss from glaucoma first affects peripheral vision. Early vision loss is subtle, and is not noticed by the patient. Moderate to severe vision loss may be noticed by the patient by checking his peripheral vision thoroughly. This can be done by an optometrist or ophthalmologist using a visual field analyser by closing one eye and examining all four corners of the visual field, then repeating with the other eye closed. All too often, the patient does not notice the loss of vision until he experiences "tunnel vision". If the disease is not treated, the visual field will become more and more narrow, obscuring central vision, and finally progressing to blindness in the affected eye(s).

Waiting for symptoms of visual loss to occur is not optimal care. Visual loss related to glaucoma is irreversible, but can be prevented or slowed by treatment. An optometrist or ophthalmologist should be consulted on regular basis by people at risk for glaucoma .

[edit]
Risk factors and diagnosis

A normal range of vision. Courtesy NIH National Eye Institute
The same view with advanced vision loss from glaucoma.People with a family history of glaucoma have about a six percent chance of developing glaucoma. Diabetics and black people are three times more likely to develop primary open angle glaucoma. Asians are prone to develop angle-closure glaucoma, and Inuit have a 20 to 40 times higher risk than white people to develop primary angle closure glaucoma. Women are three times more likely than men to develop acute angle-closure glaucoma due to their shallower anterior chambers.

Ideally, everyone over the age of thirty-five should be checked for glaucoma, with the frequency of the checkups increasing with age. Half the people who have glaucoma do not know that they have it.

A number of studies suggest that there is a correlative, not necessarily causal, relationship between glaucoma and systemic hypertension (i.e. high blood pressure).

Screening for glaucoma is usually performed as part of a standard eye examination performed by ophthalmologists and optometrists. Testing for glaucoma should include measurement of the intraocular pressure, as well as examination of the optic nerve to look for any damage to it. If there is any suspicion of damage to the optic nerve, a formal visual field test should be performed. Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy may also be performed.

[edit]
Treatment
Although intraocular pressure is only one of the causes of glaucoma, lowering it via pharmaceuticals or surgery is currently the mainstay of glaucoma treatment. In Europe, Japan, and Canada laser treatment is often the first line of therapy. In the U.S., adoption of early laser has lagged, even though prospective, multi-centered, peer-reviewed studies, since the early '90's, have shown laser to be at least as effective as topical medications in controlling intraocular pressure and preserving visual field.

[edit]
Drugs
Intraocular pressure can be lowered with medication, usually eye drops. There are several different classes of medications to treat glaucoma with several different medications in each class. Prostaglandin analogs like latanoprost (Xalatan), bimatoprost (Lumigan) and travoprost (Travatan) increase uveoscleral outflow of aqueous. Topical beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists such as timolol, levobunolol (Betagan) , and betaxolol decrease aqueous humor production by the ciliary body. Alpha2-adrenergic agonists such as brimonidine (Alphagan) work by a dual mechanism, decreasing aqueous production and increasing uveo-scleral outflow. Less-selective sympathomimetics like epinephrine and dipivefin (Propine) increase outflow of aqueous humor through trabecular meshwork and possibly through uveoscleral outflow pathway, probably by a beta2-agonist action. Miotic agents (parasympathomimetics) like pilocarpine work by contraction of the ciliary muscle, tightening the trabecular meshwork and allowing increased outflow of aqueous through traditional pathways. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like dorzolamide (Trusopt), brinzolamide (Azopt), acetazolamide (Diamox) lower secretion of aqueous humor by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary body. Each of these medicines may have local and systemic side effects. Adherence to the medication protocol can be confusing and expensive; if side effects occur, the patient must be willing either to tolerate these, or to communicate with the treating physician to improve the drug regimen.

Poor compliance with medications and follow-up visits is a major reason for vision loss in glaucoma patients. Patient education and communication must be ongoing to sustain successful treatment plans for this lifelong disease with no early symptoms.

Marijuana has been shown to lower the intraocular pressure in a few studies but this is generally not used clinically. Studies in the 1970s showed that marijuana, when smoked, lowers intraocular pressure.[1]. In an effort to determine whether marijuana, or drugs derived from marijuana, might be effective as a glaucoma treatment, the National Eye Institute supported research studies from 1978 to 1984. These studies demonstrated that some derivatives of marijuana lowered intraocular pressure when administered orally, intravenously, or by smoking, but not when topically applied to the eye. However, none of these studies demonstrated that marijuana -- or any of its components -- could safely and effectively lower intraocular pressure any more than a variety of drugs then on the market. In 2003, the American Academy of Ophthalmology released a position statement asserting that "no scientific evidence has been found that demonstrates increased benefits and/or diminished risks of marijuana use to treat glaucoma compared with the wide variety of pharmaceutical agents now available." [1]

The first patient in the United States federal government's Compassionate Investigational New Drug program, Robert Randall, was afflicted with glaucoma and had successfully fought charges of marijuana cultivation because it was deemed a medical necessity (U.S. v. Randall) in 1976 [1].

The possible neuroprotective effects of various topical and systemic medications are also being investigated.

[edit]
Surgery
(See Eye surgery.)

Both laser and conventional surgeries are performed to treat glaucoma. Laser trabeculoplasty may be used to treat open angle glaucoma. An argon or Nd:YAG laser spot is aimed at the trabecular meshwork to stimulate opening of the mesh to allow more outflow of aqueous fluid. Laser peripheral iridectomy may be used in patients susceptible to angle closure glaucoma. In it, the laser is aimed at the iris to make an opening in it. This allows a new channel for fluid to flow when the usual channel through the dilated pupil is blocked.

The most common conventional surgery performed for glaucoma is the trabeculectomy. Here, a partial thickness flap is made in the scleral wall of the eye, and a window opening made under the flap to remove a portion of the trabecular meshwork. The scleral flap is then sutured loosely back in place. This allows fluid to flow out of the eye through this opening, resulting in lowered intraocular pressure. Scarring can occur around or over the flap opening, causing it to become less effective or lose effectiveness altogether. One person can have multiple surgical procedures of the same of different type.

There are also several different small tubes that are inserted into the anterior chamber of the eye and out underneath the conjunctiva to allow flow of fluid out of the eye; namley the Molteno Implant or the Bearveldt tube shunt. The scarring over the dissipation segment of the shunt may become too thick for the aqueous humor to filter through, creating a necessity for additional surgery.

Generally, these surgeries are a temporary solution, as there is not yet a cure for glaucoma.

[edit]
Major studies
Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) - large American National Eye Institute (NEI) sponsored study designed "to assess the long-range outcomes of sequences of interventions involving trabeculectomy and argon laser trabeculoplasty in eyes that have failed initial medical treatment for glaucoma." It recommends different treatments based on race.
Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT) -Another NEI study found that immediately treating people who have early stage glaucoma can delay progression of the disease.
Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) -NEI study findings: "...Topical ocular hypotensive medication was effective in delaying or preventing onset of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) in individuals with elevated Intraocular Pressure (IOP). Although this does not imply that all patients with borderline or elevated IOP should receive medication, clinicians should consider initiating treatment for individuals with ocular hypertension who are at moderate or high risk for developing POAG."
Blue Mountains Eye Study "The Blue Mountains Eye Study was the first large population-based assessment of visual impairment and common eye diseases of a representative older Australian community sample." Risk factors for glaucoma and other eye disease were determined.
[edit]
See also
List of eye diseases and disorders
Ocular hypertension
Glaucoma valves
[edit]
References
^ a b American Academy of Ophthalmology. Complementary Therapy Assessment: Marijuana in the Treatment of Glaucoma. Retrieved August 2, 2006.
Excellent Senior Resource from NEI
What is glaucoma? Centre for Vision Research (CVR), Sydney
OMIM. Genetics of adult onset POAG
OMIM. Susceptibility to normal tension glaucoma.
OMIM Primary Infantile Glaucoma
U of Iowa patient tutorial
eMedicine article on POAG
Global Association of International Glaucoma Societies - featuring a hymn about the successful treatment of glaucoma
VisionSimulations.com | What the world looks like to people with various diseases and conditions of the eye
[edit]
External links
Overview from the US National Eye Institute
Glaucoma Research Foundation
Nonprofit Foundation for Glaucoma
National Glaucoma Research
Integrative Health Approach for Glaucoma
DJO | Digital Journal of Ophthalmology
The Glaucoma Learning Center
Glaucoma - The Thief of Sight, easy to understand review of disease with charts