Indentify the contributions of Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung and Carl Rogers?

Answer 1

SIGMUND FREUD
*founder of psychoanalysis
*Further works, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900, tr.1913), The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1904, tr.1914), & Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905, tr. 1910)--
*his last contribution to psychoanalytic theory to be The Ego & the Id (1923, tr. 1927), after which he reverted to earlier cultural preoccupations. Totem and Taboo (1913, tr. 1918), an investigation of the origins of religion and morality, & Moses & Monotheism (1939, tr. 1939) are the result of his application of psychoanalytic theory to cultural problems.

CARL JUNG
Swiss psychologist & psychiatrist who founded analytic psychology, in some aspects a response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. Jung proposed & developed the concepts of d extroverted & introverted personality, archetypes, & d collective unconscious. His work has been influential in psychiatry & in d study of religion, literature, & related fields. Carl Jung made monumental contributions to our deep understanding of d human personality. His pioneering work sheds light on human development, particularly during middle age. Jung places central importance on d psychological changes that are associated with midlife. For Jung, our present personality is determined both by who & what we have been & also by the person we hope to become. The process of self-actualization is oriented toward d future. His theory is based on d assumption that humans tend to move toward d fulfillment or realization of all of their capabilities. Achieving individuation, or d harmonious integration of d conscious & unconscious aspects of personality, is viewed as being an innate & primary goal. For Jung, we have both constructive & destructive forces, & to become integrated, it is essential to accept the dark side of our nature with its primitive impulses such as selfishness & greed. Acceptance of this dark side (or shadow) does not imply being dominated by this dimension of our being but simply recognizing that this is a part of our nature. Jung teaches that many dreams contain messages from d deepest layer of d unconscious, w/c he describes as d source of creativity. He calls this deep layer d collective unconscious. Jung sees a connection between each person's personality & d past, not only childhood events but also d history of d species. Dreams thus reflect both an individual's personal unconscious & d collective unconscious. This means that some dreams deal with an individual's relationship to a larger whole such as d family, universal humanity, or generations over time. The contents of d collective unconscious are called archetypes. This is one of d most important early writings of Carl Jung, w/c maintained an interest in transcendence. Jung maintained that all people share d Collective Unconscious. Through it we are connected with each other & d world in a fundamental & dissoluble way. Among d most important archetypes, are d persona, d anima & animus, & d shadow. The persona is a mask, or public face, that we wear to protect ourselves. The animus & d anima represent both d biological & psychological aspects of masculinity & femininity, w/c are thought to coexist in both sexes. The shadow has d deepest roots & is d most dangerous & powerful of d archetypes. It represents our dark side, d thoughts, feelings, & actions that are socially reprehensible & those we tend to disown by projecting them outward. In a dream all of these parts can be considered manifestations of who & what we are. The contents of the Collective Unconscious are d foundation of transpersonal experiences. While we usually experience such archetypes indirectly through dreams, rituals, & symbols, mystical experiences, Jung maintained, are direct experiences of archetypes.

Jung agrees with Freud that dreams provide a pathway into d unconscious, but he differs from Freud on their function. He wrote that dreams have two purposes: They are prospective; in that they help people prepare themselves for the experiences & events they anticipate in the near future. They also serve a compensatory function; that is, they work to bring about a balance between opposites w/in d person. They compensate for the over development of one facet of d individual's personality. Jung views dreams more as an attempt to express than an attempt to repress & disguise. They are a creative effort of d dreamer in struggling with contradiction, complexity, & confusion. The aim of the dream is resolution & integration. According to Jung, each part of d dream can be understood as some projected quality of d dreamer. His method of interpretation draws on a series of dreams obtained from a person, during d course of w/c d meaning gradually unfolds.

Jung frequently wrote about spiritual experiences as a sign of mental health & ultimately, d only relief from neurosis. His influence on transpersonal psychology remains very strong.

CARL ROGERS
His contributions are outstanding in d fields of education, counseling, psychotherapy, peace, & conflict resolution. A founder of humanistic psychology, he has profoundly influenced d world through his empathic presence, his rigorous research, his authorship of sixteen books & more than 200 professional articles. His best known books are: On Becoming a Person, Client Centered Therapy, Freedom to Learn for the 80’s, A way of Being, Carl Rogers on Personal Power, & Becoming Partners: Marriage & Its Alternatives. Two of his books have been published posthumously: The Carl Rogers’ Reader, a collection of his most influential writings, & Carl Rogers’ Dialogues, w/c features interchanges with such other giants in d field as Paul Tillich, B.F. Skinner, Gregory Bateson, & Rollo May.

His lifetime of research & experiential work focused on demonstrating d psychological conditions for allowing open communication & empowering individuals to achieve their full potential. He pioneered d move away from traditional psychoanalysis, & developed client-centered psychotherapy, which recognizes that “each client has within him or herself the vast resources for self-understanding, for altering his or her self-concept, attitudes, & self-directed behavior—and that these resources can be tapped by providing a definable climate of facilitative attitudes.”

Carl Rogers’ last decade was devoted to applying his theories in areas of national social conflict, & he traveled worldwide to accomplish this. In Belfast, Ireland, he brought together influential Protestants & Catholics; in South Africa, blacks & whites, in d United States, consumers & providers in d health field. His last trip, at age 85, was to the Soviet Union, where he lectured & facilitated intensive experiential workshops fostering communication & creativity. He was astonished at d numbers of Russians who knew of his work.

Recognition of his work has come through dozens of honorary awards & degrees bestowed on him from around d world, among them d American Psychology Association’s Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award d first year it was given. A few years later he also received d American Psychology Association’s Distinguished Professional Contribution Award.

Carl Rogers was a model for compassion & democratic ideals in his own life, & in his work as an educator, writer, & therapist.

Answer 2

Sigmund Freud,

Answer 3

Considering that you dare to ask this question in one sentance on this platform, I can only come to the conclusion that the following is the answer you're looking for:

When it comes to their toilet, they all contributed sh*t!

Answer 4

If my memory serves me correctly, these were the "professionals" who set the field of mental health back about 100 years with faulty experiments & theories!

Answer 5

1 - Although Freud's writings were not always perfectly systematic, the received views of his theories generally include the following hypotheses:

Human development is best understood in terms of changing objects of sexual desire.

The psychic apparatus habitually represses wishes, usually of a sexual or aggressive nature, whereby they become preserved in one or more unconscious systems of ideas.

Unconscious conflicts over repressed wishes have a tendency to manifest themselves in dreams, parapraxes ("Freudian slips") and symptoms.

Unconscious conflicts are the source of neuroses.

Neuroses can be treated through bringing the unconscious wishes and repressed memories to consciousness in psychoanalytic treatment.

2 - Carl Jung's unique and broadly influential approach to psychology emphasized understanding the psyche through exploring the worlds of dreams, art, mythology, world religion and philosophy. Though not the first to analyze dreams, he has become perhaps the most well known pioneer in the field of dream analysis. Although he was a theoretical psychologist and practicing clinician for most of his life, much of his life's work was spent exploring other realms: Eastern vs. Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, sociology, as well as literature and the arts. Jung also emphasized the importance of balance. He cautioned that modern humans rely too heavily on science and logic and would benefit from integrating spirituality and appreciation of the unconscious realm. Interestingly, Jungian ideas are not typically included in curriculum of most major universities' psychology departments, but are occasionally explored in humanities departments.

Many pioneering psychological concepts were originally proposed by Jung. Some of these are:

The Archetype
The Collective Unconscious
The Complex
Synchronicity
In addition, the popular career test currently offered by high school and college career centers, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, is entirely based upon Jung's theories.

3 - Carl Rogers

Nineteen Propositions
His theory is based on nineteen propositions:

All individuals (organisms) exist in a continually changing world of experience (phenomenal field) of which they are the centre.

The organism reacts to the field as it is experienced and perceived. This perceptual field is "reality" for the individual.

The organism reacts as an organised whole to this phenomenal field.

A portion of the total perceptual field gradually becomes differentiated as the self.

As a result of interaction with the environment, and particularly as a result of evaluational interaction with others, the structure of the self is formed - an organised, fluid but consistent conceptual pattern of perceptions of characteristics and relationships of the "I" or the "me", together with values attached to these concepts.

The organism has one basic tendency and striving - to actualise, maintain and enhance the experiencing organism.

The best vantage point for understanding behaviour is from the internal frame of reference of the individual.

Behaviour is basically the goal directed attempt of the organism to satisfy its needs as experienced, in the field as perceived.

Emotion accompanies, and in general facilitates, such goal directed behaviour, the kind of emotion being related to the perceived significance of the behaviour for the maintenance and enhancement of the organism.

Values experienced directly by the organism, and in some instances are values interjected or taken over from others, but perceived in distorted fashion, as if they had been experienced directly.

As experiences occur in the life of the individual, they are either, a) symbolised, perceived and organised into some relation to the self, b) ignored because there is no perceived relationship to the self structure, c) denied symbolisation or given distorted symbolisation because the experience is inconsistent with the structure of the self.

Most of the ways of behaving that are adopted by the organism are those that are consistent with the concept of self.

In some instances, behaviour may be brought about by organic experiences and needs which have not been symbolised. Such behaviour may be inconsistent with the structure of the self but in such instances the behaviour is not "owned" by the individual.

Psychological adjustment exists when the concept of the self is such that all the sensory and visceral experiences of the organism are, or may be, assimilated on a symbolic level into a consistent relationship with the concept of self.

Psychological maladjustment exists when the organism denies awareness of significant sensory and visceral experiences, which consequently are not symbolised and organised into the gestalt of the self structure. When this situation exists, there is a basic or potential psychological tension.

Any experience which is inconsistent with the organisation of the structure of the self may be perceived as a threat, and the more of these perceptions there are, the more rigidly the self structure is organised to maintain itself.

Under certain conditions, involving primarily complete absence of threat to the self structure, experiences which are inconsistent with it may be perceived and examined, and the structure of self revised to assimilate and include such experiences.

When the individual perceives and accepts into one consistent and integrated system all his sensory and visceral experiences, then he is necessarily more understanding of others and is more accepting of others as separate individuals.

As the individual perceives and accepts into his/her self structure more of his/her organic experiences, s/he finds that s/he is replacing his/her present value system - based extensively on introjections which have been distortedly symbolised - with a continuing organismic valuing process.




I know little (very little) of this...but it's interesting to come across.

Answer 6

You're kidding right? That would be a coupla books full.

Answer 7

I also have the same question

Answer 8

Really not sure about this one

Answer 9

That is correct