According to the Alphabet of Ben Sira, a later rabbinical text that is not considered canon by most Hebrew scholars, Lilith was the first wife of Adam. She was created from the same dust as he and the two lived a pretty fair existence in the Garden of Eden together for a short time. But then one day Adam decided he wanted to have sex and insisted on being on top. Lilith took issue with this, saying "Why should I lie beneath you? We are made from the same dust. We are equals." But Adam disagreed, using his greater size and strength as his "proof" and when Lilith still refused he tried to force himself on her. In response she cried out the secret name of God, grew wings, and fled Eden. She ended up on the seashore, mating with demons and giving birth to hoardes more as her army for her revenge against God and the children of Adam for the insult done to her. God sent three angels to try to negotiate with her and Lilith promised them that she would never harm a child of Adam who wore a medallion with their names inscribed on it. Hence during the middle ages you would often find medallions hanging over cribs that had the three angels' names on them.
It's an interesting story but again it's not considered canon. The Alphabet of Ben Sira is actually a satire, a parody if you will that has been taken way out of context. To consider it an accurate historical piece of Jewish literature would be like saying Monty Python's "Life of Bryan" is an important accurate piece of Christian lit.
2006-08-09 11:10:30
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answer #1
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answered by Abriel 5
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"Lilith is a female Mesopotamian night demon believed to harm male children. In Isaiah 34:14, Lilith (×Ö´Ö¼××Ö´×ת, Standard Hebrew Lilit) is a kind of night-demon or animal, translated as onokentauros; in the Septuagint, as lamia; "witch" by Hieronymus of Cardia; and as screech owl in the King James Version of the Bible. In the Talmud and Midrash, Lilith appears as a night demon. She is often identified as the first wife of Adam and sometimes thought to be the mother of all incubi and succubi, a legend that arose in the Middle Ages. Lilith is also sometimes considered to be the paramour of Satan".
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2006-08-09 11:06:37
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answer #2
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answered by Anonymous
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Lilith is a female Mesopotamian night demon believed to harm male children. In Isaiah 34:14, Lilith (×Ö´Ö¼××Ö´×ת, Standard Hebrew Lilit) is a kind of night-demon or animal, translated as onokentauros; in the Septuagint, as lamia; "witch" by Hieronymus of Cardia; and as screech owl in the King James Version of the Bible. In the Talmud and Midrash, Lilith appears as a night demon. She is often identified as the first wife of Adam and sometimes thought to be the mother of all incubi and succubi, a legend that arose in the Middle Ages. Lilith is also sometimes considered to be the paramour of Satan.
Etymology
Hebrew ××××ת lilith, Akkadian lÄ«lÄ«tu are female Nisba adjectives from the Proto-Semitic root LYL "night", literally translating to nocturna "female night being/demon". Sayce (Hibbert Lectures, 145ff.), Fossey (La Magie Assyrienne, 37ff.) and others reject an etymology based on the root LYL and suggest the origin of LÄ«lÄ«t was as a storm demon; this view is supported by the cuneiform inscriptions quoted by these scholars. The association with "night" may still be due to early popular etymology. The corresponding Akkadian masculine lÄ«lû shows no Nisba suffix and compares to Sumerian (kiskil-)lilla.
Lilith in the Bible
Isaiah 34:14, describing the desolation of Edom, is the only occurrence of Lilith in the Hebrew Bible:
Hebrew (ISO 259): pagÅ¡u á¹£iyyim et-ʾiyyim w-saÊ¿ir Ê¿al-rÄÊ¿hu yiqra ʾakÅ¡am hirgiÊ¿ah lilit u-maṣʾah lah manoḫ
morpho-syntactic analysis: "yelpers meet-[perfect] howlers; hairy-ones cry-[imperfect] to fellow. liyliyth reposes-[perfect], acquires-[perfect] resting-place."
KJV: "The wild beasts of the desert shall also meet with the wild beasts of the island, and the satyr shall cry to his fellow; the screech owl also shall rest there, and find for herself a place of rest."
Schrader (Jahrbuch für Protestantische Theologie, 1. 128) and Levy (ZDMG 9. 470, 484) suggest that Lilith was a goddess of the night, known also by the Jewish exiles in Babylon. Evidence for Lilith being a goddess rather than a demon is lacking. Isaiah dates to the 6th century BC, and the presence of Jews in Babylon would coincide with the attested references to the Līlītu in Babylonian demonology.
The Septuagint translates onokentauros, apparently for lack of a better word, since also the saʿir "satyrs" earlier in the verse are translated with daimon onokentauros. The "wild beasts of the island and the desert" are omitted altogether, and the "crying to his fellow" is also done by the daimon onokentauros.
Hieronymus of Cardia translated Lilith with lamia, in Horace (De Arte Poetica liber, 340) a witch who steals children, similar to the Breton Korrigan, in Greek mythology described as a Libyan queen who mated with Zeus. After Zeus abandoned Lamia, Hera stole Lamia's children, and Lamia took revenge by stealing other women's children.
The screech owl translation of the KJV is without precedent, and apparently together with the "owl" (yanšup, probably a water bird) in 34:11, and the "great owl" (qippoz, properly a snake,) of 34:15 an attempt to render the eerie atmosphere of the passage by choosing suitable animals for difficult to translate Hebrew words. It should be noted that this particular species of owl is associated with the vampiric Strix of Roman legend.
Later translations include:
* night-owl (Young, 1898)
* night monster (ASV 1901, NASB 1995)
* night hag (RSV 1947)
* night creature (NKJV 1982, NLT 1996)
* nightjar (New World Translation, 1984)
* vampires (Moffatt Translation, 1922)
Lilith as Adam's first wife
The passage in Genesis 1:27 — "So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female he created them" (before describing a mate being made of Adam's rib and being called Eve in Genesis 2:22) is sometimes believed to be an indication that Adam had a wife before Eve.
A medieval reference to Lilith as the first wife of Adam is the anonymous The Alphabet of Ben-Sira, written sometime between the 8th and 11th centuries. Lilith is described as refusing to assume a subservient role to Adam during sexual intercourse and so deserting him ("She said, 'I will not lie below,' and he said, 'I will not lie beneath you, but only on top. For you are fit only to be in the bottom position, while I am to be the superior one.'"). Lilith promptly uttered the name of God, took to the air, and left the Garden, settling on the Red Sea coast.
Two important observations should be made here: Lilth left the Garden of her own accord, before the Fall of Man, and is without Original Sin. She knows the name of God, making her an extremely powerful, and perhaps unique, cosmological being, as knowing God's true name is to have control of Him. [citation needed]
Lilith then went on to mate with Samael and various other demons she found beside the Red Sea, creating countless lilin. Adam urged God to bring Lilith back, so three angels were dispatched after her. When the angels, Senoy, Sansenoy, and Semangelof, made threats to kill one hundred of Lilith's demonic children for each day she stayed away, she countered that she would prey eternally upon the descendants of Adam and Eve, who could be saved only by invoking the names of the three angels. She did not return to Adam.
The background and purpose of The Alphabet of Ben-Sira is unclear. It is a collection of stories about heroes of the Bible and Talmud, it may have been a collection of folk-tales, a refutation of Christian, Karaite, or other separatist movements; its content seems so offensive to contemporary Jews that it was even suggested that it could be an anti-Jewish satire [4], although, in any case, the text was accepted by the Jewish mystics of medieval Germany.
The Alphabet of Ben-Sira is the earliest surviving source of the story, and the conception that Lilith was Adam's first wife became only widely known with the 17th century Lexicon Talmudicum of Johannes Buxtorf.
In the late 19th century, the Scottish Christian author George MacDonald incorporated the story of Lilith as Adam's first wife and predator of Eve's children into a mythopoeic fantasy novel in the Romantic style.
The role of Lilith as Adam's faithless wife has parallels with the ideas about Eve herself in the Unification theology of Sun Myung Moon.
2006-08-09 11:07:01
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answer #6
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answered by 自由思想家 3
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