Ahura Mazda is the Avestan language name for an exalted divinity of ancient proto-Indo-Iranian religion that was subsequently declared by Zarathustra (Zoroaster) to be the one uncreated creator of all (God).
Ahura Mazda was also known as Aramazd in Armenia and Parthian Persia, and Ohrmazd or Hormizd in middle Persian. Present-day Persian language usage varies, but Ormazd and Hormuzd are common transliterations.
The Zoroastrian faith is described by its adherents as Mazdayasna, the worship of Mazda. In Zoroastrian tradition, to worship a lesser divinity is to worship Ahura Mazda, since all the divinities are but a manifestation of the Creator.
Ahura
The first half of the name, "Ahura", denotes the class of the 'right' divinities (as opposed to the daevas, the 'wrong' divinities). The term existed in pre-Zoroastrian religions, but probably had a slightly different meaning. (See: Ahura for details).
Mazda
In Avestan this word has the stem-form MazdÄ- and nominative form MazdÃ¥, the latter reflecting Proto-Iranian *MazdÄh. It is generally taken to be the proper name of the deity, but is clearly related to Sanskrit medhÄ meaning "intelligence" or "wisdom". Both the Avestan and Sanskrit words reflect Proto-Indo-Iranian *mazdhÄ-, from Proto-Indo-European *mnÌ©sdÊ°eh1, literally meaning "placing (dÊ°eh1) one's mind (mnÌ©-s)", hence "wise".
In the Gathas (GÄθÄs), the hymns thought to have been composed by Zoroaster himself, the two halves of the name are not necessarily used together, or are used interchangeably, or are used in reverse order. However, in later texts of the Avesta, both Ahura and Mazda are integral parts of the name Ahura Mazda, which were conjoined as Ahuramazda in western Iran. In Old Persian the name had the form AuramazdÄh.
Perceived origin
Although Ahura Mazda is accepted to be the conceptual equivalent of a proto-Indo-Iranian divinity, the details are a matter of speculation and debate. Scholarly consensus identifies a connection to the prototypical *vouruna and *mitra, but whether Ahura Mazda is one of these two, or both together, or even a superior of the two has not been conclusively established.
One view (Kuiper) is that the proto-Indo-Iranian divinity is the nameless "Father Ahura", that is, Varuna of the Rigveda. In this view, Zoroastrian mazda is the equivalent of the Vedic medhira, described in Rigveda 8.6.10 as the "(revealed) insight into the cosmic order" that Varuna grants his devotees. According to another view, Ahura Mazda is the dualistic *vouruna-*mitra, in which the favorable characteristics of *mitra negates the unfavorable qualities of *vouruna. In another view (Boyce, Schlerath, et al), Ahura Mazda is seen as the Ahura par excellence, superior to both *vouruna (whom Boyce identifies with Apam Napat, the divinity of waters, also known as Ahura Berezant also known as Burz Yazad) and *mitra (Mithra in the Avesta).
According to Boyce, the development was probably a linguistic one. In her opinion, the attribute ahuradata- "created by Ahura" probably initially referred to proto-Indo-Iranian *vouruna, and only later came to mean "created by Ahura [Mazda]". She also notes that on Persepolis fortification tablet #337, Ahura Mazda appears with both Mithra and the Baga (*vouruna).
2006-08-08 13:00:32
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answer #2
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answered by quatt47 7
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